{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T22:35:09Z","timestamp":1778279709012,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine whether opioids with varying\ninteractions at receptors induce a reduction in\nminimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane\nin cats.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201412 healthy, female, spayed cats.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cats were anesthetized with isoflurane\nand instrumented to allow collection of arterial blood\nand measurement of arterial blood pressure. Each\ndrug was studied separately, and for each drug cats\nwere randomly allocated to receive 2 doses. The\ndrugs studied were morphine (0.1 or 1.0 mg\/kg),\nbutorphanol (0.08 or 0.8 mg\/kg), buprenorphine\n(0.005 and 0.05 mg\/kg), and U50488H (0.02 and 0.2\nmg\/kg). All drugs were diluted in 5 ml of saline (0.9%\nNaCl) solution and infused IV for 5 minutes. The MAC\nof isoflurane was determined in triplicate, the drug\nadministered, and the MAC of isoflurane redetermined\nfor a period of 3 hours.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014All drugs had a significant effect on MAC\nover time. With morphine only, the effect on MAC\nover time was different between doses. The greatest\nmean (\u00b1 SD) reductions in MAC of isoflurane in\nresponse to morphine, butorphanol, buprenorphine,\nand U50488H administration were 28 \u00b1 9, 19 \u00b1 3, 14\n\u00b1 7, and 11 \u00b1 7%, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Morphine (1.0\nmg\/kg) and butorphanol (0.08 and 0.8 mg\/kg) induced\nsignificant reductions in MAC of isoflurane that were\nconsidered clinically important. Although significant,\nreductions in MAC of isoflurane induced by morphine\n(0.1 mg\/kg), buprenorphine (0.005 and 0.05 mg\/kg),\nand U50488H (0.02 and 0.2 mg\/kg) were not considered\nclinically relevant because they fell within the\nerror of the measurement technique. Administration\nof morphine or butorphanol decreases the need for\npotent inhalant anesthetics in cats and could potentially\nbe beneficial in combination with inhalants.\n(<jats:italic>Am J Vet Res<\/jats:italic> 2002;63:1198\u20131202)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.1198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,21]],"date-time":"2005-12-21T14:53:55Z","timestamp":1135176835000},"page":"1198-1202","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Effects of morphine, butorphanol, buprenorphine, and U50488H on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cats"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Jan E.","family":"Ilkiw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Pascoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda D.","family":"Tripp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1998.59.02.182","volume":"59","author":"Hodgson DS","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_2","first-page":"1729","volume":"50","author":"Grandy JL","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198209001-00347"},{"key":"p_4","first-page":"248","volume":"58","author":"Pascoe PJ","year":"1994","journal-title":"Can J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198209001-00347"},{"key":"p_6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1994.tb00234.x"},{"key":"p_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1966.21.3.1108","volume":"21","author":"Severinghaus JW","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"p_8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365518809086606"},{"key":"p_9","first-page":"77","author":"Christiansen TF","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int Fed Clin Chem Workshop"},{"key":"p_10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-196511000-00010"},{"key":"p_11","first-page":"1161","volume":"153","author":"Davis LE","year":"1968","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"p_12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1988.tb01471.x"},{"key":"p_14","first-page":"1833","volume":"38","author":"Steffey EP","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_15","first-page":"1099","volume":"182","author":"Drummond JC","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"p_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1997.58.11.1274","volume":"58","author":"Ilkiw JE","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198010000-00008"},{"key":"p_18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-196905000-00003"},{"key":"p_19","first-page":"1287","volume":"66","author":"Hall RI","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"p_20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198710000-00013"},{"key":"p_21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.217.1025"},{"key":"p_22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1994.tb00462.x"},{"key":"p_23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198705000-00003"},{"key":"p_24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-199701000-00019"},{"key":"p_25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(79)90288-7"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/63\/8\/ajvr.2002.63.1198.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/63\/8\/ajvr.2002.63.1198.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/63\/8\/ajvr.2002.63.1198.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:05:01Z","timestamp":1741349101000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/63\/8\/ajvr.2002.63.1198.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.1198","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,1]]}}}