{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:09:52Z","timestamp":1791216592231,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To compare preoperative administration\nof meloxicam and butorphanol to perioperative administration\nof butorphanol alone for control of postoperative\nsigns of pain in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201440 client-owned dogs scheduled for surgical\nrepair of a cranial cruciate ligament rupture.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Group-1 dogs received butorphanol (0.2\nmg\/kg, IV) and meloxicam (0.2 mg\/kg, IV) just prior to\nsurgery. Group-2 dogs received butorphanol just prior\nto surgery (0.2 mg\/kg, IV) and at incision closure (0.1\nmg\/kg, IV). Pain assessment began 1 to 2 hours\nbefore surgery and from extubation until 24 hours\nafter surgery by obtaining the following measurements:\nthe visual analog scale (VAS) score, cumulative\npain score (CPS), adjusted cumulative pain score,\nmodified cumulative pain score, and the adjusted\nmodified cumulative pain score (AMCPS). Serum cortisol\nconcentration was measured between 12 to 24\nand between 1 to 2 hours prior to surgery, and at 30\nminutes, and 1, 2, 4, 8, 18, and 24 hours after extubation.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014No significant differences between treatment\ngroups were observed in CPS or VAS score. At\n8, 9, 10, and 11 hours after extubation, meloxicambutorphanol-\ntreated dogs had a significantly lower\nAMCPS, compared with butorphanol-alone-treated\ndogs. Total serum cortisol concentration (area under\nthe curve) during the measurement period was significantly\nlower in meloxicam-butorphanol-treated\ndogs, compared with butorphanol-alone treated dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Preoperative\nsingle dose administration of meloxicam-butorphanol\nis equivalent to or slightly better than the administration\nof 2 perioperative doses of butorphanol for the\ncontrol of postoperative signs of pain in dogs. 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