{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T09:45:05Z","timestamp":1788601505631,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate dose-sparing effects of\nmedetomidine-midazolam (MM), acepromazinebutorphanol\n(AB), and midazolam-butorphanol\n(MB) on the induction dose of thiopental and\npropofol and to examine cardiopulmonary changes\nin dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201423 healthy Beagles.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Dogs were administered MM, AB, MB,\nor physiologic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (PS) IM,\nand anesthesia was induced with thiopental or\npropofol. Cardiopulmonary measurements were\nobtained before and after administration of medication\nand 0, 5, 10, and 15 minutes after endotracheal\nintubation.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Induction doses were reduced significantly\nby preanesthetic administration of MM, AB, and\nMB (thiopental, 20, 45, and 46% after administration\nof PS; propofol, 42, 58, and 74% after administration\nof PS, respectively). Recovery time in dogs administered\nMM-thiopental or MM-propofol and AB-propofol\nwere significantly prolonged, compared with\nrecovery time in dogs administered PS-thiopental or\nPS-propofol. Relatively large cardiovascular changes\nwere induced by administration of MM, which were\nsustained even after the induction of anesthesia.\nAdministration of AB and MB induced cardiovascular\nchanges during and immediately after endotracheal\nintubation that were significantly decreased by\ninduction with thiopental or propofol. However, mild\nhypotension developed with AB-propofol. Apnea\nwas observed in dogs administered MM during\ninduction of anesthesia, but most respiratory variables\ndid not change significantly.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Preanesthetic\nmedication with MM greatly reduced the anesthesia\ninduction dose of thiopental and propofol but caused\nnoticeable cardiopulmonary changes. Preanesthetic\nmedication with AB and MB moderately reduced the\ninduction dose of thiopental and propofol and ameliorated\ncardiovascular changes induced by these anesthetics,\nalthough AB caused mild hypotension.\n(<jats:italic>Am J Vet Res<\/jats:italic> 2002;63:1671\u20131679)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.1671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,23]],"date-time":"2006-01-23T18:27:26Z","timestamp":1138040846000},"page":"1671-1679","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Effects of medetomidine-midazolam, acepromazine-butorphanol, and midazolam-butorphanol on induction dose of thiopental and propofol and on cardiopulmonary changes in 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