{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T16:21:01Z","timestamp":1762100461513,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To investigate whether upper airway\nsounds of horses exercising with laryngeal hemiplegia\nand alar fold paralysis have distinct sound characteristics,\ncompared with unaffected horses.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20146 mature horses.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Upper airway sounds were recorded in\nhorses exercising on a high-speed treadmill at maximum\nheart rate (HR<jats:sub>MAX<\/jats:sub>) under 3 treatment conditions\n(ie, normal upper airway function [control condition],\nand after induction of left laryngeal hemiplegia or bilateral\nalar fold paralysis) in a randomized crossover\ndesign. Fundamental frequency, spectrograms using\nGabor transform, and intensity characteristics of\nacquired sounds (peak sound level [sound<jats:sub>peak<\/jats:sub>] and\nhighest frequency of at least \u201325 dB sound intensity\n[F<jats:sub>25max<\/jats:sub>]) were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Evaluation of the fundamental frequency of\nthe time domain signal was not useful. Sensitivity and\nspecificity (83 and 75%, respectively) of spectrograms\nwere greatest at maximal exercise, but the\nexact abnormal condition was identified in evaluation\nof only 12 of 18 spectrograms. Increased accuracy\nwas obtained using sound<jats:sub>peak<\/jats:sub> and F<jats:sub>25max<\/jats:sub> as discriminating\nvariables. The use of sound<jats:sub>peak<\/jats:sub> discriminated\nbetween control and laryngeal hemiplegia conditions\nand F<jats:sub>25max<\/jats:sub> between laryngeal hemiplegia and alar fold\nparalysis conditions. This increased the specificity of\nsound analysis to 92% (sensitivity 83%) and accurately\nclassified the abnormal state in 92% of affected\nhorses.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Sound analysis\nmight be a useful adjunct to the diagnosis and evaluation\nof treatment of horses with upper airway obstruction,\nbut would appear to require close attention to\nexercise intensity. Multiple measurements of recorded\nsounds might be needed to obtain sufficient accuracy\nfor clinical use. (<jats:italic>Am J Vet Res<\/jats:italic> 2002;63:1707\u20131713)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.1707","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,23]],"date-time":"2006-01-23T18:27:26Z","timestamp":1138040846000},"page":"1707-1713","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Sound signature for identification and quantification of upper airway disease in horses"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Christina S.","family":"Cable","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norm G.","family":"Ducharme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard P.","family":"Hackett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hollis N.","family":"Erb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. 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