{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T14:31:26Z","timestamp":1783607486133,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To characterize the in vitro effects of\noxytocin, acepromazine, xylazine, butorphanol,\ndetomidine, dantrolene, isoproterenol, and terbutaline\non skeletal and smooth muscle from the\nequine esophagus.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201414 adult horses without digestive tract disease.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Circular and longitudinal strips from\nthe skeletal and smooth muscle of the esophagus\nwere suspended in tissue baths, connected to\nforce-displacement transducers interfaced with a\nphysiograph, and electrical field stimulation was\napplied. Cumulative concentration-response curves\nwere generated for oxytocin, acepromazine,\nxylazine, detomidine, butorphanol, isoproterenol,\nterbutaline, and dantrolene. Mean maximum twitch\namplitude for 3 contractions\/min was recorded and\ncompared with predrug-vehicle values for the\nskeletal muscle segments, and area under the\ncurve (AUC) for 3 contractions\/min was compared\nwith predrug-vehicle values for the smooth muscle\nsegments.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014No drugs caused a significant change in\nskeletal muscle response. In smooth muscle, isoproterenol,\nterbutaline, and oxytocin significantly\nreduced AUC in a concentration-dependent manner.\nMaximum reduction in AUC was 69% at 10<jats:sup>\u20134<\/jats:sup>M for\nisoproterenol, 63% at 10<jats:sup>\u20135<\/jats:sup>M for terbutaline, and\n64% at 10<jats:sup>\u20134<\/jats:sup>M for oxytocin.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Isoproterenol,\nterbutaline, and oxytocin cause relaxation of the\nsmooth muscle portion of the esophagus. The clinical\nrelaxant effects on the proximal portion of the esophagus\nreported of drugs such as oxytocin, detomidine,\nand acepromazine may be the result of centrally mediated\nmechanisms. (<jats:italic>Am J Vet Res<\/jats:italic> 2002;63:1732\u20131737)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.1732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,23]],"date-time":"2006-01-23T18:27:26Z","timestamp":1138040846000},"page":"1732-1737","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["In vitro effects of oxytocin, acepromazine, detomidine, xylazine, butorphanol, terbutaline, isoproterenol, and dantrolene on smooth and skeletal muscles of the equine esophagus"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Anne A.","family":"Wooldridge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan C.","family":"Eades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giselle L.","family":"Hosgood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rustin M.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_566","first-page":"698","author":"Green EM","year":"1996","journal-title":"St Louis: Mosby Year Book Inc"},{"key":"p_2_567","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.1993.tb00658.x","volume":"40","author":"Denac M","year":"1993","journal-title":"Zentralbl Veterinarmed A"},{"key":"p_3_568","first-page":"338","author":"Hance SR","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am Assoc Equine Pract"},{"key":"p_4_569","first-page":"336","author":"Meyer GA","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am Assoc Equine Pract"},{"key":"p_5_570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.129.4.67","volume":"129","author":"Watson TD","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"p_6_571","first-page":"1137","volume":"3","author":"Slocombe RF","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_7_572","first-page":"8590","volume":"28","author":"Massimo P","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods"},{"key":"p_8_573","unstructured":"SAS user's guide: statistics, version 8 edition. 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