{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T14:28:09Z","timestamp":1770215289602,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To compare effects of oxytocin, acepromazine\nmaleate, xylazine hydrochloride-butorphanol\ntartrate, guaifenesin, and detomidine hydrochloride\non esophageal manometric pressure in horses.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20148 healthy adult horses.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014A nasogastric tube, modified with 3\npolyethylene tubes that exited at the postpharyngeal\narea, thoracic inlet, and distal portion of the\nesophagus, was fitted for each horse. Amplitude,\nduration, and rate of propagation of pressure waveforms\ninduced by swallows were measured at 5, 10,\n20, 30, and 40 minutes after administration of oxytocin,\ndetomidine, acepromazine, xylazine-butorphanol,\nguaifenesin, or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution.\nNumber of spontaneous swallows, spontaneous\nevents (contractions that occurred in the absence of\na swallow stimulus), and high-pressure events (sustained\nincreases in baseline pressure of &gt; 10 mm\nHg) were compared before and after drug administration.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014At 5 minutes after administration, detomidine\nincreased waveform amplitude and decreased\nwaveform duration at the thoracic inlet. At 10 minutes\nafter administration, detomidine increased waveform\nduration at the thoracic inlet. Acepromazine administration\nincreased the number of spontaneous events\nat the thoracic inlet and distal portion of the esophagus.\nAcepromazine and detomidine administration\nincreased the number of high-pressure events at the\nthoracic inlet. Guaifenesin administration increased\nthe number of spontaneous events at the thoracic\ninlet. Xylazine-butorphanol, detomidine, acepromazine,\nand guaifenesin administration decreased the\nnumber of spontaneous swallows.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Detomidine,\nacepromazine, and a combination of xylazine butorphanol\nhad the greatest effect on esophageal motility\nwhen evaluated manometrically. Reduction in spontaneous\nswallowing and changes in normal, coordinated\nperistaltic activity are the most clinically relevant\neffects. 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