{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:53:36Z","timestamp":1787507616084,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To calculate values for the total concentration\nof nonvolatile weak acids (A\n                    <jats:sub>tot<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and the effective\ndissociation constant for nonvolatile weak acids\n(\n                    <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) of bovine plasma and to determine the best\nmethod for quantifying the unmeasured strong anion\nconcentration in bovine plasma.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Sample Population<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Data sets from published and\nexperimental studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014The simplified strong ion model was\napplied to published and experimentally determined\nvalues for pH, Pco\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and strong ion difference (SID\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ).\nNonlinear regression was used to solve simultaneously\nfor A\n                    <jats:sub>tot<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Four methods for quantifying the\nunmeasured strong anion concentration in plasma\n(anion gap, the Fencl base excess method [BE\n                    <jats:sub>ua<\/jats:sub>\n                    ], the\nFigge unmeasured anion method [XA], and the strong\nion gap [SIG]) were compared in 35 cattle with abomasal\nvolvulus.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014For bovine plasma at 37 C, Atot was 25\nm\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/L, equivalent to 7.6 times the albumin concentration\nor 3.6 times the total protein concentration; Ka\nwas 0.87 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u20137<\/jats:sup>\n                    , equivalent to p\n                    <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 7.06. The A\n                    <jats:sub>tot<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>\n                    values were validated, using data sets from in vivo\nand in vitro studies. Plasma unmeasured strong anion\nconcentration was most accurately predicted in critically\nill cattle by calculating SIG from serum albumin\n( R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 0.66) or total protein concentration ( R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 0.60),\ncompared with BE\n                    <jats:sub>ua<\/jats:sub>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 0.56), [XA] (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 0.50), and the\nanion gap (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 0.41).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Calculated\nvalues for A\n                    <jats:sub>tot<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>a<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and the SIG equation should facilitate\napplication of the strong ion approach to acidbase\ndisturbances in cattle. 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