{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T13:49:09Z","timestamp":1775742549371,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the effects of constant rate\ninfusion of morphine, lidocaine, ketamine, and morphine-\nlidocaine-ketamine (MLK) combination on endtidal\nisoflurane concentration (ET-Iso) and minimum\nalveolar concentration (MAC) in dogs anesthetized\nwith isoflurane and monitor depth of anesthesia by\nuse of the bispectral index (BIS).<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20146 adult dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Each dog was anesthetized with isoflurane\non 5 occasions, separated by a minimum of 7 to\n10 days. Individual isoflurane MAC values were determined\nfor each dog. Reduction in isoflurane MAC,\ninduced by administration of morphine (3.3\n\u00b5g\/kg\/min), lidocaine (50 \u00b5g\/kg\/min), ketamine (10\n\u00b5g\/kg\/min), and MLK, was determined. Heart rate,\nmean arterial blood pressure, oxygen saturation as\nmeasured by pulse oximetry (SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), core body temperature,\nand BIS were monitored.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Mean \u00b1 SD isoflurane MAC was 1.38 \u00b1\n0.08%. Morphine, lidocaine, ketamine, and MLK significantly\nlowered isoflurane MAC by 48, 29, 25, and 45%,\nrespectively. The percentage reductions in isoflurane\nMAC for morphine and MLK were not significantly different\nbut were significantly greater than for lidocaine\nand ketamine. The SpO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, mean arterial pressure, and\ncore body temperature were not different among\ngroups. Heart rate was significantly decreased at isoflurane\nMAC during infusion of morphine and MLK. The BIS\nwas inversely related to the ET-Iso and was significantly\nincreased at isoflurane MAC during infusions of morphine\nand ketamine, compared with isoflurane alone.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Low infusion\ndoses of morphine, lidocaine, ketamine, and MLK\ndecreased isoflurane MAC in dogs and were not associated\nwith adverse hemodynamic effects. The BIS\ncan be used to monitor depth of anesthesia. 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