{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T04:01:04Z","timestamp":1771905664518,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine whether transitional cell\ncarcinoma (TCC) cells incubated in media containing\n5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) would produce sufficient\nprotoporphyrin IX (PpIX) to cause lethal phototoxic\neffects when exposed to 635-nm light.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Sample Population<\/jats:bold>\u2014Canine TCC cells (K9TCC).<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cultured K9TCC cells were exposed to\ngraded doses of ALA, and PpIX concentrations were\ndetermined. Cells then were exposed to various\ndoses of 635-nm light from a diode laser, and cell viability\nwas assayed.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Production of PpIX was dependent on time\nand dose of ALA. The K9TCC cells incubated with ALA\nproduced sufficient PpIX to cause lethal phototoxic\neffects when exposed to 635-nm light. Phototoxic\neffects were dependent on time and dose of ALA.\nIncreasing laser power density and energy density\ndecreased cell survival.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014ALA is an\neffective photosensitizer for in vitro photodynamic\ntreatment of K9TCC cells. Further studies are warranted\nto assess the safety and efficacy of ALA as a\nphotosensitizer for use in treating dogs with TCC.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Impact for Human Medicine<\/jats:bold>\u2014On the basis of this\nstudy, dogs with TCC may be useful in the development\nof protocols for ALA-based photodynamic therapy\nof humans affected with muscle-invasive bladder\ncancer. 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