{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T19:04:26Z","timestamp":1791572666746,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To compare effects of electroacupuncture\nand butorphanol on hemodynamic and respiratory\nvariables and rectal analgesia in mares after controlled\nrectal distention.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u20148 healthy mares.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Each horse received saline (0.9% NaCl)\nsolution (0.01 mL\/kg, IV; control treatment), butorphanol\ntartrate (0.1 mg\/kg, IV), or 2 hours of electroacupuncture\n(EA) at acupoints Bladder 21, 25, and\n27 on both sides of the vertebral column, Bai hui, and\nStomach 36 (right side only). Order of treatments in\neach mare was randomized. At least 7 days elapsed\nbetween treatments. A balloon was inserted in the\nrectum of each mare, and controlled distention of the\nballoon (pressures of \u2264 220 mm Hg) was used to measure\nnociceptive rectal pain threshold. Rectal temperature\nand cardiovascular and respiratory variables\nwere measured before (baseline) and 5, 15, 30, 60, 90,\nand 120 minutes after onset of each treatment.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Butorphanol produced greater increases in\nrectal pain threshold, compared with EA (mean \u00b1 SD,\n214 \u00b1 24 vs 174 \u00b1 35 mm Hg of balloon pressure).\nElectroacupuncture produced minimal cardiovascular\nand respiratory changes. Although clinically not important,\nbutorphanol produced moderate significant\nincreases in heart and respiratory rates, arterial blood\npressure, and rectal temperature and decreases in\narterial oxygen tension. Arterial pH, carbon dioxide\ntension, bicarbonate concentrations, base excess,\nHct, and concentration of total solids were not significantly\ndifferent from baseline values after EA, butorphanol,\nand control treatments.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Electroacupuncture\nand butorphanol (0.1 mg\/kg, IV) may provide\nuseful rectal analgesia in horses. 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