{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T11:45:17Z","timestamp":1791114317462,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To develop a method for inducing acute\nleptospirosis in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201431 nine-week-old female Beagles.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Beagles were randomly assigned to 2\ninoculation groups or a control group. Dogs were\ninoculated on 3 successive days by conjunctival instillation\nof 5 X 10<jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup> cells of <jats:italic>Leptospira kirschneri<\/jats:italic> serovar\ngrippotyphosa strain 82 (12 dogs) or strain RM 52 (14\ndogs). Control dogs (n = 5) were similarly inoculated\nwith sterile leptospiral culture media. Clinical signs,\nclinicopathologic variables, anti-leptospiral antibody\ntiters, and evidence of leptospires in tissues and body\nfluids were evaluated. Dogs were euthanatized and\nnecropsied on days 7, 14, 22, or 28 after inoculation or\nas required because of severe illness.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Clinical signs in infected dogs included conjunctivitis,\nlethargy, diarrhea, dehydration, vomiting,\nand icterus. Consistent clinicopathologic alterations\nincluded azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, increased\nanion gap, hyperbilirubinemia, and an increase in alkaline\nphosphatase activity. Leptospires were cultured\nfrom the kidneys (11\/12), urine (6\/9), aqueous humor\n(9\/12), blood (12\/12), and liver (12\/12) of dogs inoculated\nwith strain 82. Only 3 of 14 dogs became infected\nafter inoculation with strain RM 52.\nHistopathologic lesions in infected dogs included\ninterstitial nephritis, renal tubular degeneration and\nnecrosis, pulmonary hemorrhage, and hepatic edema\nand perivasculitis.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Conjunctival\nexposure to <jats:italic>L kirschneri<\/jats:italic> serovar grippotyphosa strain\n82 resulted in acute leptospirosis in all inoculated\ndogs, but only 3 of 14 dogs inoculated with strain RM\n52 became infected. This method of infection by\nserovar grippotyphosa can be used to study the\npathogenesis and prevention of leptospirosis in dogs.\n(<jats:italic>Am J Vet Res<\/jats:italic> 2004;65:1100\u20131107)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.1100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,22]],"date-time":"2005-12-22T09:00:20Z","timestamp":1135242020000},"page":"1100-1107","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Clinical and pathologic comparison of acute leptospirosis in dogs caused by two strains of Leptospira kirschneri serovar grippotyphosa"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Justin J.","family":"Greenlee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole A.","family":"Bolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Alt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norman F.","family":"Cheville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire B.","family":"Andreasen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-2867(96)80029-6","volume":"11","author":"Bolin CA","year":"1996","journal-title":"Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim)"},{"key":"p_2_354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.220.53"},{"key":"p_3_355","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.371"},{"key":"p_4_356","first-page":"187","volume":"40","author":"Kalin M","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"p_5_357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1996.209.07.1265","volume":"209","author":"Brown CA","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"p_6_358","first-page":"371","volume":"21","author":"Menges RW","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_7_359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1992.tb00345.x","volume":"6","author":"Rentko VT","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"p_8_360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03640.x","volume":"39","author":"Birnbaum N","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"p_9_361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.25.6.976-980.1973","volume":"25","author":"Cole JR","year":"1973","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"p_10_362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.2.853-861.1999","volume":"67","author":"Barnett JK","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"p_11_363","unstructured":"Thiermann A, McClellan R, Hill H. 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