{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:55:18Z","timestamp":1790315718790,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To quantitate the dose- and time-related\neffects of IV administration of xylazine and detomidine\non urine characteristics in horses deprived of\nfeed and water.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u20146 horses.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Feed and water were withheld for 24\nhours followed by IV administration of saline (0.9%\nNaCl) solution, xylazine (0.5 or 1.0 mg\/kg), or detomidine\n(0.03 mg\/kg). Horses were treated 4 times, each\ntime with a different protocol. Following treatment,\nurine and blood samples were obtained at 15, 30, 60,\n120, and 180 minutes. Blood samples were analyzed\nfor PCV and serum concentrations of total plasma\nsolids, sodium, and potassium. Urine samples were\nanalyzed for pH and concentrations of glucose, proteins,\nsodium, and potassium.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Baseline (before treatment) urine flow was\n0.30 \u00b1 0.03 mL\/kg\/h and did not significantly change\nafter treatment with saline solution and low-dose\nxylazine but transiently increased by 1 hour after treatment\nwith high-dose xylazine or detomidine. Total\nurine output at 2 hours following treatment was 312\n\u00b1 101 mL versus 4,845 \u00b1 272 mL for saline solution\nand detomidine, respectively. Absolute values of\nurine concentrations of sodium and potassium also\nvariably increased following xylazine and detomidine\nadministration.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Xylazine and\ndetomidine administration in horses deprived of feed\nand water causes transient increases in urine volume\nand loss of sodium and potassium. Increase in urine\nflow is directly related to dose and type of \u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -adrenergic\nreceptor agonist. Dehydration in horses may be\nexacerbated by concurrent administration of \u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    -adrenergic\nreceptor agonists. (\n                    <jats:italic>Am J Vet Res<\/jats:italic>\n                    2004;65:1342\u20131346)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.1342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,23]],"date-time":"2006-01-23T13:32:19Z","timestamp":1138023139000},"page":"1342-1346","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Effects of \u03b12-adrenergic receptor agonists on urine production in horses deprived of food and water"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Enrique","family":"Nu\u00f1ez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugene P.","family":"Steffey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Ocampo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alma A.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_135","first-page":"658","volume":"57","author":"Tasker JB","year":"1967","journal-title":"Cornell Vet"},{"key":"p_2_136","first-page":"982","volume":"40","author":"Carlson GP","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_3_137","first-page":"735","volume":"43","author":"Rumbaugh GE","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_4_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.2746\/042516400777032200","volume":"32","author":"Houpt KA","year":"2000","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"p_5_139","first-page":"224","volume":"45","author":"Thurmon JC","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_6_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.1987.tb00326.x","volume":"34","author":"Gasthuys F","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Vet Med"},{"key":"p_7_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.118.3.65","volume":"118","author":"Trim CM","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"p_8_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.1986.tb00593.x","volume":"33","author":"Gasthuys F","year":"1986","journal-title":"Zentralbl Veterinarmed [A]"},{"key":"p_9_143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-2995.2002.00107.x"},{"key":"p_10_144","first-page":"649","volume":"57","author":"Tasker JB","year":"1967","journal-title":"Cornell Vet"},{"key":"p_11_145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.1061"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/65\/10\/ajvr.65.10.1342.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/65\/10\/ajvr.65.10.1342.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/65\/10\/ajvr.65.10.1342.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T20:09:43Z","timestamp":1775765383000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/65\/10\/ajvr.65.10.1342.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.1342","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]]}}}