{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T13:47:07Z","timestamp":1775742427902,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine whether ischemia and flunixin\naffect in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS) absorption\nin samples of the jejunum of horses.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201412 horses.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Horses were anesthetized, a midline\nceliotomy was performed, and the jejunum was located.\nTwo 30-cm sections of jejunum (60 cm apart)\nwere selected. One segment was designated as control\ntissue; ischemia was induced in the other segment\nfor 120 minutes. Horses were then euthanatized.\nMucosa from each jejunal segment was mounted\non Ussing chambers and treated with or without\nflunixin. Tissues from 6 horses were used to assess\npermeability to radiolabeled LPS; mucosal samples\nfrom the remaining 6 horses were incubated with\nfluorescent-labeled LPS (FITC-LPS) and examined histologically.\nProduction of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) and production of LPS-binding protein (LBP) were\nassessed as indicators of mucosal response to LPS.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Ischemia significantly increased mucosal\npermeability to LPS, but by 180 minutes, the mucosa\nwas not more permeable than control tissue. Flunixin\ntreatment adversely affected intestinal barrier function\nthroughout the experiment but did not result in\nincreased mucosal permeability to LPS. Compared\nwith control tissues, LBP production was increased\nby ischemia and reduced by exposure to LPS. In\nischemic tissue, FITC-LPS entered the lamina propria\nbut TNF-\u03b1 was produced on the mucosal side only,\nindicating little response to the absorbed LPS.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Ischemia\nincreased LPS passage across equine jejunal mucosa.\nFlunixin delayed mucosal recovery but did not exacerbate\nLPS absorption. Evaluation of the clinical importance\nof flunixin-associated delayed mucosal recovery\nrequires further in vivo investigation. 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