{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T22:15:57Z","timestamp":1792707357441,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To investigate the infection of calves with\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    through oral exposure and\ntransmission of\n                    <jats:italic>M bovis f<\/jats:italic>\n                    rom experimentally infected\nwhite-tailed deer to uninfected cattle through indirect\ncontact.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u201424 11-month-old, white-tailed deer and 28\n6-month-old, crossbred calves.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014In the oral exposure experiment, doses\nof 4.3 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFUs (high dose) or 5 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFUs (low\ndose) of M bovis were each administered orally to 4\ncalves; as positive controls, 2 calves received M bovis\n(1.7 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFUs) via tonsillar instillation. Calves were\neuthanatized and examined 133 days after exposure.\nDeer-to-cattle transmission was assessed in 2 phases\n(involving 9 uninfected calves and 12 deer each); deer\nwere inoculated with 4 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFUs (phase I) or 7 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFUs (phase II) of M Bovis. Calves and deer\nexchanged pens (phase I; 90 days' duration) or calves\nreceived uneaten feed from deer pens (phase II; 140\ndays' duration) daily. At completion, animals were\neuthanatized and tissues were collected for bacteriologic\nculture and histologic examination.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014In the low- and high-dose groups, 3 of 4\ncalves and 1 of 4 calves developed tuberculosis,\nrespectively. In phases I and II, 9 of 9 calves and 4 of\n9 calves developed tuberculosis, respectively.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Results indicated\nthat experimentally infected deer can transmit\n                    <jats:italic>M bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    to cattle through sharing of feed. In areas\nwhere tuberculosis is endemic in free-ranging white-tailed\ndeer, management practices to prevent access\nof wildlife to feed intended for livestock should be\nimplemented. (\n                    <jats:italic>Am J Vet Res<\/jats:italic>\n                    2004;65:1483\u20131489)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2004.65.1483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,22]],"date-time":"2005-12-22T07:28:09Z","timestamp":1135236489000},"page":"1483-1489","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Investigation of the transmission of Mycobacterium bovis from deer to cattle through indirect contact"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Mitchell V.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. 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Mycobacterium bovis infection in animals and humans. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1995;119-129."},{"key":"p_5_132","unstructured":"Whipple DL, Meyer RM, Berry DF, etal Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in wild white-tailed deer in Michigan and elephants, in Proceedings. 101st US Anim Health Assoc 1997;543-546."},{"key":"p_6_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1999.60.03.310","volume":"60","author":"Palmer MV","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"p_7_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-35.3.450","volume":"35","author":"Palmer MV","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"p_8_135","unstructured":"USDA. Bovine tuberculosis eradication uniform methods and rules. 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