{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T09:39:06Z","timestamp":1785577146451,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine whether 1% diclofenac\nliposomal suspension (DLS) ointment would be\nabsorbed transdermally and attenuate experimentally\ninduced subcutaneous inflammation in horses.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20147 healthy adult horses<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Inflammation was produced by injecting\n1% sterile carrageenan into subcutaneously implanted\ntissue cages 8 hours before (time \u20138) and at the\ntime of application of test ointment. A crossover\ndesign was used. Horses received 1 of 2 treatments\n(topically administered control or DLS ointments) during\n48 hours of carrageenan-induced subcutaneous\ninflammation. A single application of test ointment\n(7.2 g) was applied over each tissue cage (time 0).\nSamples of transudate and blood were collected at\n\u20138, 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, and 48 hours. Plasma and\ntransudate diclofenac concentrations were determined\nby use of high-performance liquid chromatography.\nTransudate concentrations of prostaglandin E<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n(PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) were determined with a competitive enzyme\nimmunoassay.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014DLS was absorbed transdermally. The highest\nconcentration (mean \u00b1 SEM, 76.2 \u00b1 29 ng\/mL)\nwas detectable in tissue-cage fluid within 18 hours\nafter application. Minimal concentrations of diclofenac\nwere detectable in plasma. Application of DLS significantly\ndecreased transudate concentrations of PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\nat 6 and 30 hours. Decreases in PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> concentration\nwere observed in the DLS group at all collection\ntimes.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014A single topical\napplication of DLS resulted in concentrations of\ndiclofenac in transudate within 6 hours and significantly\nattenuated carrageenan-induced local production\nof PGE<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Results of this study suggest that DLS\nis readily absorbed transdermally and may be efficacious\nfor reducing subcutaneous inflammation in\nhorses. 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