{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T18:32:18Z","timestamp":1771007538349,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To describe and quantify morphologic\nabnormalities in RBCs of mallards (<jats:italic>Anas platyrhynchos<\/jats:italic>)\nwith experimentally induced zinc toxicosis.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014120 female mallards.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Farm-raised mallards (6 to 8 months old)\nwere used in the study. On day 0, 60 ducks received\nshot pellets orally by gavage (mean dose of zinc, 0.97\ng); another 60 ducks underwent the same procedure\nwithout administration of pellets. On day 15,\nRomanowsky-stained blood smears were prepared\nfrom 53 control and 45 zinc-treated ducks (smears\nwere examined retrospectively). In each smear, 200\nRBCs were examined and numbers of erythrocytes\nwith abnormal size, shape, or color were expressed\nas a percentage. Results were compared with PCV\nvalues and zinc dose.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Mean PCV value was lower in all zinc-treated\nducks, compared with control ducks, and was\nlower in zinc-treated ducks that died or were euthanatized\nbefore day 30 because of severe clinical disease,\ncompared with those that survived. Zinc-treated\nducks that survived had a high percentage of polychromatophilic\nRBCs, and those that that died before\nday 30 had high percentages of hypochromic RBCs,\nfusiform RBCs, and RBC nuclear abnormalities. There\nwas no correlation between PCV value or RBC morphologic\nabnormalities and dose of zinc.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014In ducks with\nsevere zinc-induced hemolysis, findings indicated that\nfunctional iron deficiency may impair the effectiveness\nof the erythroid regenerative response and contribute\nto death. Erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities\nwere consistent with mild dyserythropoiesis. These\nfindings may be applicable to effects of other metal\ntoxicoses and regenerative anemias in birds. 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