{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T16:59:05Z","timestamp":1778691545600,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To compare sedative, analgesic, and cardiopulmonary\neffects after IV administration of\nmedetomidine (20 \u00b5g\/kg), medetomidine-hydromorphone\n(20 \u00b5g of medetomidine\/kg and 0.1 mg of\nhydromorphone\/kg), and medetomidine-butorphanol\n(20 \u00b5g of medetomidine\/kg and 0.2 mg of butorphanol\ntartrate\/kg) in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20146 dogs healthy mixed-breed dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Instruments were surgically inserted, and\nheart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic arterial\npressure (SAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), diastolic\narterial pressure (DAP), mean pulmonary arterial pressure\n(MPAP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure\n(PCWP), central venous pressure (CVP), core body\ntemperature, and cardiac output (CO) were measured\n0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after injection.\nCardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SV), stroke index (SI),\nsystemic vascular resistance (SVR), and pulmonary\nvascular resistance (PVR) were calculated. Arterial\nsamples for blood gas analysis were collected 0, 15,\nand 45 minutes after injection. Intensity of analgesia,\ndegree of sedation, and degree of muscle relaxation\nwere evaluated at aforementioned time points and 75,\n90, 120, 150, 180, and 210 minutes after injection.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Administration of medetomidine, medetomidine-hydromorphone, and medetomidine-butorphanol\nwas associated with increases in SAP, MAP, DAP,\nMPAP, PCWP, CVP, SVR, PVR, core body temperature,\nand PaCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and decreases in HR, CO, CI, SV, SI, RR, pH,\nand PaO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Clinically important differences were not\ndetected among treatments. Medetomidine-hydromorphone\nand medetomidine-butorphanol provided a\nlonger duration of sedation and better quality of analgesia,\ncompared with medetomidine alone.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Medetomidine-hydromorphone\nor medetomidine-butorphanol is associated\nwith improved analgesia and sedation but has\ncardiopulmonary effects comparable to those for\nmedetomidine alone. 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