{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:28:25Z","timestamp":1792024105634,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine associations among infectious\npathogens and diarrheal disease in dogs in an\nanimal shelter and demonstrate the use of geographic\ninformation systems (GISs) for tracking spatial distributions\nof diarrheal disease within shelters.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Sample Population<\/jats:bold>\u2014Feces from 120 dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Fresh fecal specimens were screened\nfor bacteria and bacterial toxins via bacteriologic culture\nand ELISA, parvovirus via ELISA, canine coronavirus\nvia nested polymerase chain reaction assay,\nprotozoal cysts and oocysts via a direct fluorescent\nantibody technique, and parasite ova and larvae via\nmicroscopic examination of direct wet mounts and\nzinc sulfate centrifugation flotation.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014<jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Brachyspira<\/jats:italic> spp\nwere not common, whereas other pathogens such as\ncanine coronavirus and <jats:italic>Helicobacter<\/jats:italic> spp were common\namong the dogs that were surveyed. Only\nintestinal parasites and <jats:italic>Campylobacter jejuni<\/jats:italic> infection\nwere significant risk factors for diarrhea by univariate\nodds ratio analysis. <jats:italic>Giardia lamblia<\/jats:italic> was significantly\nunderestimated by fecal flotation, compared with a\ndirect fluorescent antibody technique. Spatial analysis\nof case specimens by use of GIS indicated that diarrhea\nwas widespread throughout the entire shelter,\nand spatial statistical analysis revealed no evidence of\nspatial clustering of case specimens.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014This study\nprovided an epidemiologic overview of diarrhea and\ninteracting diarrhea-associated pathogens in a densely\nhoused, highly predisposed shelter population of\ndogs. Several of the approaches used in this study,\nsuch as use of a spatial representation of case specimens\nand considering multiple etiologies simultaneously,\nwere novel and illustrate an integrated\napproach to epidemiologic investigations in shelter\npopulations. (<jats:italic>Am J Vet Res<\/jats:italic> 2005;66:1018\u20131024)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.1018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,21]],"date-time":"2005-12-21T11:26:08Z","timestamp":1135164368000},"page":"1018-1024","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Epidemiologic evaluation of diarrhea in dogs in an animal shelter"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Susanne H.","family":"Sokolow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney","family":"Rand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley L.","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niki L.","family":"Drazenovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Kather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet E.","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_462","first-page":"235","author":"Foley J","year":"2004","journal-title":"Iowa: Blackwell Publishing Professional"},{"key":"p_2_463","unstructured":"Jang SS, Biberstein EL. 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