{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T22:32:46Z","timestamp":1778279566928,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To compare induction with hydromorphone\nand diazepam (HydroD) or oxymorphone and\ndiazepam (OxyD) followed by maintenance with\nisoflurane in dogs with induced hypovolemia.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20146 healthy mixed-breed dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014The study used a crossover design.\nMeasurements were obtained in normovolemic dogs\nduring isoflurane. Hypovolemia was induced (blood\nloss of 30 mL\/kg) and measurements repeated following\nrecovery from anesthesia, after HydroD\n(hydromorphone, 0.1 mg\/kg; diazepam, 0.2 mg\/kg; IV)\nor OxyD (oxymorphone, 0.05 mg\/kg; diazepam,\n0.2 mg\/kg; IV), after another dose of the same opioid,\nduring administration of isoflurane (end-tidal concentration,\n0.9%), and after glycopyrrolate (0.01 mg\/kg,\nIV). Significant changes were identified.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Induction effect was evident within 1 minute.\nAll dogs were intubated after the second dose of opioid.\nNo significant differences were found between inductions.\nThe HydroD decreased heart rate (mean \u00b1 SEM,\n\u201341 \u00b1 9.8 beats\/min), whereas both inductions\nincreased stroke index (0.4 \u00b1 0.09 mL\/kg\/beat) and\ncaused moderate respiratory depression. Cardiac index\nwas decreased (\u00b130.2 \u00b1 6.04 mL\/kg\/min) and there was\nminor metabolic acidosis during isoflurane following\nHydroD, compared with values for anesthetized normovolemic\ndogs. Glycopyrrolate increased heart rate (50 \u00b1\n8.6 beats\/min) and decreased systolic blood pressure\n(\u201323.2 \u00b1 4.87 mm Hg) in dogs induced with HydroD and\ndecreased stroke index (\u20130.3 \u00b1 0.08 mL\/kg\/beat) for both\ninductions.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Similar effects\nwere detected after administration of HydroD or OxyD\nin hypovolemic dogs. Either combination should be\nsafe for use in hypovolemic dogs. Administration of\nglycopyrrolate was not beneficial. 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