{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:49:50Z","timestamp":1787507390542,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To determine the distribution of force\nbetween the articular surfaces of the humerus and\nradius and between the humerus and ulna in normal\ncanine forelimbs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Sample population<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u201412 cadaveric canine right forelimbs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Transarticular force maps were created\nby placing a tactile array pressure sensor into the\nelbow joint cavity and loading cadaveric forelimbs in a\nmaterials testing system. Mean joint forces were\ndetermined at loads of 50, 100, 150, and 200 N.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014All tests produced 2 distinct areas of high\nload that corresponded with the proximal articular surfaces\nof the radius and ulna. Mean forces for the radial\nproximal articular surface were slightly but significantly\ngreater than for the ulna, averaging 51% to\n52% of total force for all applied loads.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014The proximal\narticular surface of the ulna contributes substantially\nto load transfer through the canine elbow joint.\nAbnormalities, which increase this load, might contribute\nto canine elbow joint dysplasia, specifically\nfragmentation of the medial coronoid process and\nosteochondritis dissecans of the medial aspect of the\nhumeral condyle. In the treatment of these conditions,\nthe normal force distribution within the canine\nelbow joint should be taken into consideration. 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