{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:34:18Z","timestamp":1792110858780,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To determine glutathione peroxidase\n(GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activities\nin spermatozoa, seminal plasma, and reproductive tissues\n(ie, testis, epididymis, bulbourethral gland,\nprostate, vesicular gland, and ampulla) in horses.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Sample Population<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Seminal plasma from 17 stallions,\nspermatozoa from 5 stallions, and reproductive\ntissues from 3 stallions.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Activity of GPX was determined by use of\nassays measuring oxidation of NADPH in the presence\nof exogenous glutathione, cumene hydroperoxide, and\nglutathione reductase. Activity of SOD-like enzymes\nwas determined by use of the nitroblue tetrazolium\nassay.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Mean GPX and SOD-like activities in seminal\nplasma were 1.3 \u00b1 0.1 nmol of NADPH oxidized\/\nmin\/mg of protein and 29.2 \u00b1 6.6 U\/mg of protein,\nrespectively. Mean GPX activities in spermatozoa\nseparated from seminal plasma by centrifugation\nand via Percoll gradient were 2.2 \u00b1 0.3 nmol and 6.1\n\u00b1 1.3 nmol of NADPH oxidized\/min\/mg of protein,\nrespectively. Mean SOD-like activity of spermatozoa\nseparated by centrifugation was 58.6 \u00b1 22.3 U\/mg of\nprotein; SOD-like activity was not detected in Percollseparated\nspermatozoa. Among reproductive tissues,\nthe ampulla and prostate had the highest SOD-like\nactivity, although this was not significantly different\nfrom activity in other tissues. Testes and spermatozoa\nfrom the cauda epididymis contained significantly\nmore GPX activity than other tissues.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Results suggest\nthat although equine seminal plasma contains high\nSOD-like enzyme activity, spermatozoa have limited\nGPX and SOD-like activity. Enzymatic antioxidant activity\nin equine spermatozoa appears to be predominantly\nderived from seminal plasma adsorbed onto the plasma\nmembrane. Removal of seminal plasma during semen\nprocessing may increase oxidative stress in equine\nspermatozoa. 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