{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T07:39:42Z","timestamp":1784360382469,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To evaluate nonselective computed\ntomographic (CT) venography for evaluating the cervical\ninternal vertebral venous plexus (IVVP), define the\ndiameter and area dimensions of the IVVP, and determine\nthe relationship between dimensions of the cervical\nIVVP and other vertebral components in medium-sized dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20146 healthy dogs that weighed 18 to 27 kg.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Helical CT scans were performed from\nC1 to C7 before and after IV injection of contrast medium\n(480 mg of iodine\/kg) and a continuous infusion\n(240 mg of iodine\/kg). Image data were transferred to\na CT workstation, and measurements were performed\non displayed transverse images. Diameter and area\nmeasurements of the vertebral canal, dural sac, IVVP,\nand vertebral body were obtained at C3 to C7.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Opacification of vertebral venous structures\nwas achieved in all dogs with no adverse reactions.\nSagittal diameters of the IVVP for C3 to C7 ranged\nfrom 0.6 to 3.2 mm. Transverse diameters ranged\nfrom 2.32 to 5.74 mm. The IVVP area represented\n12.4% of the mean vertebral canal transverse area\nand 30.61% of the mean vertebral epidural space\narea. Area measurements of the IVVP were significantly\ncorrelated with vertebral canal area and dural\nsac area.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Results indicated\nthat nonselective CT venography is a safe, sensitive\nmethod for performing morphometric assessments\nof the cervical IVVP in dogs. Findings support\nthe theory that there may be a physiologic or developmental\nrelationship between cervical vertebral canal\ncomponents. 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