{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T09:21:41Z","timestamp":1792660901706,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To characterize the effects of ketamine\nadministration on the cardiovascular and respiratory\nsystems and on acid-base balance and to record\nadverse effects of ketamine in isoflurane-anesthetized\ndogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u20146 healthy adult mongrel dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane\n(1.25 times the individual minimum alveolar concentration)\nin oxygen, and ketamine was administered IV\nto target pseudo\u2013steady-state plasma concentrations\nof 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 8, and 11 \u00b5g\/mL. Isoflurane concentration\nwas reduced to an equipotent concentration.\nCardiovascular, respiratory, and acid-base variables;\nbody temperature; urine production; and adverse\neffects were recorded before and during noxious\nstimulation. Cardiac index, stroke index, rate-pressure\nproduct, systemic vascular resistance index, pulmonary\nvascular resistance index, left ventricular\nstroke work index, right ventricular stroke work index,\narterial oxygen concentration, mixed-venous oxygen\nconcentration, oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption,\noxygen extraction ratio, alveolar-arterial oxygen partial\npressure gradient, and venous admixture were calculated.\nPlasma ketamine and norketamine concentrations\nwere measured.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Overall, ketamine administration improved\nventilation, oxygenation, hemodynamics, and oxygen\ndelivery in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs in a dosedependent\nmanner. With the addition of ketamine,\ncore body temperature was maintained or increased\nand urine production was maintained at an acceptable\namount. However, at the higher plasma ketamine\nconcentrations, adverse effects such as spontaneous\nmovement and profuse salivation were observed.\nMyoclonus and dysphoria were observed during\nrecovery in most dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Infusion of\nketamine appears to be a suitable technique for balanced\nanesthesia with isoflurane in dogs. Plasma ketamine\nconcentrations between 2 to 3 \u00b5g\/mL elicited\nthe most benefits with minimal adverse effects.\n(<jats:italic>Am J Vet Res<\/jats:italic> 2005;66:2122\u20132129)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.2122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,21]],"date-time":"2005-12-21T15:09:09Z","timestamp":1135177749000},"page":"2122-2129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of ketamine infusions in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs before and during noxious stimulation"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Boscan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno H.","family":"Pypendop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian 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