{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T15:25:18Z","timestamp":1770218718304,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"12","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tObjective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the pharmacokinetics of\ncarvedilol administered IV and orally and determine\nthe dose of carvedilol required to maintain plasma\nconcentrations associated with anticipated therapeutic\nefficacy when administered orally to dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tAnimals<\/jats:bold>\u20148 healthy dogs.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tProcedures<\/jats:bold>\u2014Blood samples were collected for 24\nhours after single doses of carvedilol were administered\nIV (175 \u00b5g\/kg) or PO (1.5 mg\/kg) by use of a\ncrossover nonrandomized design. Carvedilol concentrations\nwere detected in plasma by use of high-performance\nliquid chromatography. Plasma drug concentration\nversus time curves were subjected to noncompartmental\npharmacokinetic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tResults<\/jats:bold>\u2014The median peak concentration (extrapolated)\nof carvedilol after IV administration was\n476 ng\/mL (range, 203 to 1,920 ng\/mL), elimination\nhalf-life (t1\/2<\/jats:sub>) was 282 minutes (range, 19 to 1,021\nminutes), and mean residence time (MRT) was 360\nminutes (range, 19 to 819 minutes). Volume of distribution\nat steady state was 2.0 L\/kg (range, 0.7 to 4.3\nL\/kg). After oral administration of carvedilol, the median\npeak concentration was 24 \u00b5g\/mL (range, 9 to\n173 \u00b5g\/mL), time to maximum concentration was 90\nminutes (range, 60 to 180 minutes), t1\/2<\/jats:sub> was 82 minutes\n(range, 64 to 138 minutes), and MRT was 182\nminutes (range, 112 to 254 minutes). Median bioavailability\nafter oral administration of carvedilol was 2.1%\n(range, 0.4% to 54%).<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\tConclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Although\nresults suggested a 3-hour dosing interval on the\nbasis of MRT, pharmacodynamic studies investigating\nthe duration of \u03b2-adrenoreceptor blockade provide a\nmore accurate basis for determining the dosing interval\nof carvedilol. 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