{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:05:13Z","timestamp":1790665513809,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To describe cardiac lesions and identify\nrisk factors associated with myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy\n(DCM) in beach-cast southern sea otters.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u2014Free-ranging southern sea otters.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Sea otters were necropsied at the Marine\nWildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center from\n1998 through 2001. Microscopic and gross necropsy\nfindings were used to classify sea otters as myocarditis\nor DCM case otters or control otters. Univariate,\nmultivariate, and spatial analytical techniques were\nused to evaluate associations among myocarditis;\nDCM; common sea otter pathogens; and potential\ninfectious, toxic, and nutritional causes.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Clusters of sea otters with myocarditis and\nDCM were identified in the southern aspect of the\nsea otter range from May to November 2000. Risk\nfactors for myocarditis included age, good body condition,\nand exposure to domoic acid and <jats:italic>Sarcocystis neurona<\/jats:italic>. Myocarditis associated with domoic acid\noccurred predominantly in the southern part of the\nrange, whereas myocarditis associated with <jats:italic>S neurona<\/jats:italic>\noccurred in the northern part of the range. Age\nand suspected previous exposure to domoic acid\nwere identified as major risk factors for DCM. A sample\nof otters with DCM had significantly lower concentrations\nof myocardial L-carnitine than control and\nmyocarditis case otters.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Cardiac disease\nis an important cause of death in southern sea\notters. Domoic acid toxicosis and infection with\n<jats:italic>S neurona<\/jats:italic> are likely to be 2 important causes of\nmyocarditis in sea otters. Domoic acid\u2013induced\nmyocarditis appears to progress to DCM, and depletion\nof myocardial L-carnitine may play a key role in\nthis pathogenesis. 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