{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T21:10:20Z","timestamp":1775769020190,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To evaluate the use of hydrothermal ablation\nof articular cartilage for arthrodesis in horses\nthrough investigation of the effects of joint lavage\nwith physiologic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (80\u00b0C) for\nvarious treatment times on chondrocyte viability in\nthe articular cartilage of the metacarpophalangeal and\nmetatarsophalangeal joints of cadaveric horse limbs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Sample Population<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u20147 pairs of metacarpophalangeal\nand 8 pairs of metatarsophalangeal joints\nfrom 8 Thoroughbreds.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014The horses were euthanatized for reasons\nunrelated to musculoskeletal disease. On a random\nbasis, 1 joint of each pair underwent intra-articular\nlavage for 5, 10, or 15 minutes with heated saline\nsolution (80\u00b0C); the other joint underwent sham treatment\nof similar duration with saline solution at 22\u00b0C\n(control). Cartilage samples from the distal articular\nsurface of metacarpus III (or metatarsus III), the proximal\nsurface of the proximal phalanx, and the lateral\nand medial proximal sesamoid bones were assessed\nfor chondrocyte viability via confocal microscopy and\nviability staining following enzymatic digestion.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Compared with the control joints, findings\nof both viability assays indicated that the percentage\nof sites containing viable chondrocytes in heat-treated\njoints was decreased. Treatment hazard ratios of 0.048\n(confocal microscopy) and 0.2 (digestion assay) were\nestimated. Histologically, periarticular soft tissues had\nminimal detrimental effects after heat treatment.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Ex vivo intraarticular\nlavage with saline solution at 80\u00b0C resulted in\nthe death of almost all articular chondrocytes in the\njoint. This technique may be a satisfactory method for\nextensive cartilage ablation when performing\narthrodesis by minimally invasive techniques. 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