{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T22:35:41Z","timestamp":1780353341868,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the effect of morphine\nadministered prior to anesthesia on the incidence of\ngastroesophageal reflux (GER) in dogs during the subsequent\nanesthetic episode.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\u201490 dogs (30 dogs\/group).<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014The randomized prospective clinical\nstudy included healthy dogs with no history of vomiting.\nDogs were scheduled to undergo elective orthopedic\nsurgery. Food was withheld for (mean \u00b1 SD)\n17.8 \u00b1 4.1 hours prior to induction of anesthesia. The\nanesthetic protocol included acepromazine maleate,\nthiopental, and isoflurane. Dogs were randomly\nselected to receive morphine at various dosages (0,\n0.22, or 1.10 mg\/kg, IM) concurrent with acepromazine\nadministration prior to induction of anesthesia.\nA sensor-tipped catheter was used to measure\nesophageal pH, and GER was defined as a decrease\nin pH to &lt; 4 or an increase to &gt; 7.5.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u201440 dogs had acidic reflux, and 1 had biliary\nreflux. Proportions of dogs with GER were 8 of 30\n(27%), 15 of 30 (50%), and 18 of 30 (60%) for morphine\ndosages of 0, 0.22, and 1.10 mg\/kg, respectively.\nMean duration of GER was 91.4 \u00b1 56.8 minutes.\nThere was no significant association between GER\nand age, weight, vomiting after preanesthetic medication,\nadministration of antimicrobials, or start of\nsurgery.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014Most healthy\ndogs vomit after a large dose of morphine, but vomiting\ndoes not increase the likelihood of GER during the\nsubsequent anesthetic episode. Administration of\nmorphine prior to anesthesia substantially increases\nthe incidence of GER during the subsequent anesthetic\nepisode. 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