{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:43:41Z","timestamp":1792428221676,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\u2014To determine the risk posed by\n<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium\nhominis<\/jats:italic> from dairy cattle in the New York City watershed\n(NYCW).<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Sample Population<\/jats:bold>\u2014Samples from cattle at risk for\nshedding <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> organisms on randomly\nselected dairy farms in the NYCW.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\u2014Feces were collected for 4 years from\ncalves at risk for infection on 37 dairies. Oocysts were\ndetected by use of centrifugation concentration-flotation\nmicroscopy. The DNA was directly isolated from\nfecal samples and used to amplify fragments of the\nsmall subunit ribosomal RNA and thrombospondinrelated\nadhesion protein C-2 genes by use of nested\npolymerase chain reaction assays. Small subunit ribosomal\nRNA fragments were restriction digested by\nthe enzyme <jats:italic>Vsp<\/jats:italic>I and thrombospondin-related adhesion\nprotein C-2 fragments were digested by <jats:italic>Eco<\/jats:italic>91I\nto distinguish between <jats:italic>C hominis<\/jats:italic> (formerly known as\ngenotype 1) and <jats:italic>C parvum<\/jats:italic> (formerly known as genotype\n2).<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014Of 437 fecal samples examined, 214 contained\noocysts. Amplicons were generated for 200\nsamples. We can be certain, with 95% confidence,\nthat cattle in the NYCW did not harbor <jats:italic>C hominis<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t<jats:p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\u2014<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\ninfections in cattle are under examination\nbecause of the potential contamination of public waters\nby manure. Although cattle may be the source of\nzoonotic infection via <jats:italic>C parvum<\/jats:italic>, they pose little risk for\n<jats:italic>C hominis<\/jats:italic> (the strain commonly isolated from humans\nin waterborne outbreaks of disease). Other sources of\noocysts should be considered when investigating outbreaks\nattributable to contaminated urban drinking\nwater because cattle pose only a small risk via shedding\nof <jats:italic>C hominis<\/jats:italic>. (<jats:italic>Am J Vet Res<\/jats:italic> 2005;66:413\u2013417).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,21]],"date-time":"2005-12-21T15:05:51Z","timestamp":1135177551000},"page":"413-417","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Risk of infection with Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis in dairy cattle in the New York City watershed"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Daryl V.","family":"Nydam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabbriella","family":"Lindergard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiametta","family":"Santucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie L.","family":"Schaaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Wade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussni O.","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_197","unstructured":"Fayer R, Speer CA, Dubey JP. 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