{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T21:10:15Z","timestamp":1775769015722,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To test the hypotheses that the densities\nof macrophages in the synovial membranes and capsules\nof stifle joints in dogs with ruptured cranial cruciate\nligaments are greater than those of normal joints\nand that those densities in affected joints are positively\ncorrelated with the chronicity and severity of\nthe disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u201417 dogs with naturally occurring rupture of\nthe cranial cruciate ligament and 5 healthy control\ndogs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014All dogs underwent orthopedic and radiographic\nevaluations. In affected dogs, duration of clinical\nsigns was used as an indicator of disease chronicity\nand the severity of osteoarthritis in the stifle joint\nwas determined radiographically. Joint capsule specimens\nwere evaluated histologically; macrophages,\ninterleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 were identified\nby use of immunocytochemical techniques.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Compared with unaffected joints,\nmacrophage density was increased in all affected\njoints. Duration of disease was significantly associated\nwith radiographic severity of osteoarthritis and\nsynovial macrophage density. Synovial macrophage\ndensity was significantly associated with severity of\nosteoarthritis and with the presence of interleukin-6\nand tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Results suggest\nthat synovial macrophages may be involved in the\ndevelopment of pathologic changes (including osteophyte\nformation) in the stifle joints of dogs with\nosteoarthritis secondary to rupture of the cranial cruciate\nligament. Determination of the importance of synovial\nmacrophages in the development of changes in\nosteoarthritic joints may result in new treatment strategies\nthat involve elimination of the deleterious effects\nof those cells. (\n                    <jats:italic>Am J Vet Res<\/jats:italic>\n                    2005;66:493\u2013499)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,21]],"date-time":"2005-12-21T10:05:51Z","timestamp":1135159551000},"page":"493-499","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Detection of synovial macrophages in the joint capsule of dogs with naturally occurring rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Nathan W.","family":"Klocke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul W.","family":"Snyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William R.","family":"Widmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenxuan","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George P.","family":"McCabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gert J.","family":"Breur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_590","unstructured":"Oegema TR, Visco DM. 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