{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T21:10:21Z","timestamp":1775769021459,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To evaluate the analgesic and adverse\neffects of epidurally administered levogyral (S[+]) ketamine\nalone or in combination with morphine on intraoperative\nand postoperative pain in dogs undergoing\novariohysterectomy.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u201430 dogs scheduled for ovariohysterectomy.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Dogs were randomly allocated to 1 of 3\ngroups. Dogs in group 1 received S(+) ketamine\n(1 mg\/kg), dogs in group 2 received S(+) ketamine\n(0.5 mg\/kg) and morphine (0.05 mg\/kg), and dogs in\ngroup 3 received S(+) ketamine (1 mg\/kg) and morphine\n(0.025 mg\/kg). The skin was incised 15 minutes\nafter epidural administration of analgesics. Heart rate\n(HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic blood pressure\n(SBP), oxygen saturation as measured by pulse\noximetry, and arterial blood gases were obtained\nbefore anesthesia, 15 minutes after epidural administration\nof analgesics, 15 and 30 minutes after initiation\nof surgery, and at the end of surgery. During the intraoperative\nperiod, an increase of \u2265 20% in baseline values\nfor HR, RR, and SBP was considered a sign of\nintraoperative pain. Signs of pain and adverse effects\nwere assessed at 2, 4, and 8 hours postoperatively.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014There were no significant differences in\nintraoperative or postoperative measurements\namong the 3 groups. No dogs had intraoperative\nsigns of pain. Mean postoperative pain assessment\nscores were &lt; 3.5 in all 3 groups. Salivation was the\nmost frequent adverse effect in dogs in groups 1 and\n3, and sedation occurred more frequently in dogs in\ngroups 2 and 3.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014All 3 analgesic\nregimens provided good respiratory and cardiovascular\nstability intraoperatively and adequate postoperative\nanalgesia with minimal adverse effects.\n(\n                    <jats:italic>Am J Vet Res<\/jats:italic>\n                    2005;66:54\u201361)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.54","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,21]],"date-time":"2005-12-21T09:59:01Z","timestamp":1135159141000},"page":"54-61","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Analgesic effects of epidurally administered levogyral ketamine alone or in combination with morphine on intraoperative and postoperative pain in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Alinne Dalla-Porta","family":"Acosta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Gomar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Correa-Natalini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Bopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Polydoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Sala-Blanch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"p_1_260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-8180(97)00035-4"},{"key":"p_2_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-199112000-00005","volume":"73","author":"Tuman K","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"p_3_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072490","volume":"47","author":"Wolf CJ","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"p_4_263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199958050-00002"},{"key":"p_5_264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00278-0"},{"key":"p_6_265","unstructured":"Wilcox GL. 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