{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T21:10:24Z","timestamp":1775769024544,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014To determine whether 2 isolates of\nrecently isolated swine-origin\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    -like\nbacteria are pathogenic in pigs and compare the signs\nof gastric disease induced by these isolates with\nthose detected in\n                    <jats:italic>H pylori-<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter heilmannii-<\/jats:italic>\n                    in fected pigs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Animals<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u201436 neonatal gnotobiotic pigs.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Procedure<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Groups of separately housed pigs were\ninoculated orally with swine-origin\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    -like\nisolates 2662 or 1268,\n                    <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    (human gastric\npathogen), or a gastric homogenate from gnotobiotic\nswine containing\n                    <jats:italic>H heilmannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Noninoculated pigs\nwere used as control animals. Clinical signs and\ndevelopment of homologous and heterologous antibodies\nagainst\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    organisms were\nassessed. After euthanasia, gastric tissues were\nexamined grossly and microscopically;\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    organisms were detected by use of Warthin-Starry\nand immunohistochemical stains.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014Both porcine\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    -like isolates colonized\nthe stomachs of swine. Isolate 2662 was highly\npathogenic; in 13 isolate 2662-inoculated pigs, gastroesophageal\nulcerations developed in 9 and ulceration\nof the gastric glandular mucosa was detected in 5.\nHistologically, inflammatory gastritis consisting of multifocal\nto diffuse lymphocytic and plasmacytic cellular\ninfiltrates and lymphoid follicle formation in the gastric\nlamina propria accompanied bacterial colonization of\nthe gastric compartment. In contrast,\n                    <jats:italic>H heilmannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    was\nminimally pathogenic in that only modest inflammatory\ncell infiltrates were seen. Gastroesophageal or\nmucosal ulcers were not evident in pigs inoculated\nwith\n                    <jats:italic>H heilmannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2014These data\nindicate that swine-origin\n                    <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    -like bacteria can be\npathogenic in pigs and suggest that porcine gastric\ndisease may be mediated, in part, by colonization of\nthe stomach by swine-origin\n                    <jats:italic>H pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    -like bacteria.\n(\n                    <jats:italic>Am J Vet Res<\/jats:italic>\n                    2005;66:945\u2013952)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,21]],"date-time":"2005-12-21T06:26:08Z","timestamp":1135146368000},"page":"945-952","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Experimental induction of bacterial gastritis and gastric ulcer disease in gnotobiotic swine inoculated with porcine Helicobacter-like species"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Steven","family":"Krakowka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. 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