{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T14:15:37Z","timestamp":1774880137052,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\nOBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\nTo evaluate the effect of a double Krackow suture pattern (DK), with and without epitendinous suture augmentation (ES), in a canine gastrocnemius tendon (GT) model.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nSAMPLE<\/jats:title>\nPaired GTs from 12 adult dog cadavers and 4 control GT.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nPROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\nGTs were assigned to 2 groups (n = 12\/group). Transverse tenotomy was performed and repaired with a DK or DK + ES. Yield, peak, and failure force, stiffness, occurrence of 1-and 3-mm gapping, and failure mode were examined.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nRESULTS<\/jats:title>\nYield, peak, and failure loads were greater for DK + ES. Yield force was 48% greater for DK + ES (mean \u00b1 SD, 149.56 \u00b1 53.26 N) versus DK (101.27 \u00b1 37.17 N; P<\/jats:italic> = 0.017). Peak force was 45% greater for DK + ES P<\/jats:italic> < 0.001). Failure force was 47% greater for DK + ES (193.752 \u00b1 31.43 N) versus DK (131.54 \u00b1 22.28 N; P<\/jats:italic> < 0.001). Construct stiffness was 36% greater for DK + ES (P<\/jats:italic> = 0.04). All 12 DK and 10 of 12 DK + ES repairs produced a 1-mm gap, with all DK and 4 DK + ES repairs producing a 3-mm gap (P<\/jats:italic> < 0.001). Loads required to create a 3-mm gap were significantly greater for DK + ES (P<\/jats:italic> < 0.013). Suture breakage occurred in all DK repairs, which differed from DK + ES, where suture breakage (7\/12) and tissue failure (5\/12; P<\/jats:italic> = 0.037) predominated.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nCLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\nAugmentation of a primary DK repair with an ES significantly improved construct strength in canine GT constructs while increasing loads required to cause 1- and 3-mm gap formation, respectively. ES augmentation is a simple technique modification that can be used to significantly increase construct strength, compared with DK alone.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.21.07.0100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T12:26:44Z","timestamp":1654604804000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of epitendinous suture augmentation to a double Krackow suture pattern for canine gastrocnemius tendon repair"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Amy C.","family":"Downey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Jen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew B.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George E.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Administration, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Veterinary Surgery: Small Animal","first-page":"1316","article-title":"Muscle and tendon disorders","volume":"2","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stuart C, William GM. 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