{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T20:08:16Z","timestamp":1782936496423,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To determine whether intrarenal injection of sodium pentobarbital is a viable method for euthanasia in anesthetized client-owned cats and assess potential factors associated with time to cardiopulmonary arrest (TCPA) for such treated cats.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>131 client-owned cats.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this retrospective study, client-owned cats presented for euthanasia between March 1, 2009, and January 15, 2010, were evaluated by veterinarians to determine suitability of intrarenal injection versus other methods of euthanasia. Cats included were anesthetized and then received 6 mL of sodium pentobarbital (390 mg\/mL) by intrarenal injection. Results for TCPA were compared for cats grouped on the basis of variables of interest.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>131 cats were included, of which 74 (79%) had a TCPA &lt; 1 minute and 28 (21%) had a TCPA between 1.5 and 8 minutes after intrarenal injection. Most (124\/131 [95%]) cats had no observable reaction to the intrarenal injection other than cardiopulmonary arrest. Median TCPA was longer for cats without (1 min; 25\/131 [19%]) versus with (0 min; 106\/131 [81%]) palpable kidney swelling upon injection.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The effects of intrarenal injection of sodium pentobarbital in cats of the present study were similar to those typically observed with IV administration of euthanasia solution. When this intrarenal injection method is used, cardiopulmonary arrest with few agonal reactions can be expected to occur quickly in most patients. The intrarenal injection method is suited for euthanasia of anesthetized cats with easily located kidneys when IV access may be difficult.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.21.08.0123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T15:44:29Z","timestamp":1636559069000},"page":"95-99","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The use of intrarenal injection of sodium pentobarbital for euthanasia in cats"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Kathleen A.","family":"Cooney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Companion Animal Euthanasia Training Academy, Loveland, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Coates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lesley M.","family":"Leach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5280 Veterinary Care, Denver, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin R.","family":"Hrenchir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Longs Peak Animal Hospital, Longmont, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lori R.","family":"Kogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Veterinary Euthanasia Techniques: A Practical Guide","author":"Cooney KA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cooney KA, Chappell JR, Callan RJ, Connally BA. Veterinary Euthanasia Techniques: A Practical Guide. Wiley-Blackwell; 2012."},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals","author":"Leary S","unstructured":"Leary S, Underwood W, Anthony R,  AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals: 2020 edition. AVMA. Accessed March 7, 2021. https:\/\/www.avma.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-02\/Guidelines-on-Euthanasia-2020.pdf"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Veterinary Information Network Inc. https:\/\/www.vin.com\/vin\/"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Taking a deeper look at intrarenal euthanasia injections in cats","author":"Cooney K","unstructured":"Cooney K. Taking a deeper look at intrarenal euthanasia injections in cats. CAETA. Published March 27, 2021. Accessed March 27, 2021. https:\/\/caetainternational.com\/taking-a-deeper-look-at-intrarenal-euthanasia-injections-in-cats\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref5","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.12.004","article-title":"Pharmacologic methods: an update on optimal presedation and euthanasia solution administration","volume":"50","author":"Robertson SA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Robertson SA. Pharmacologic methods: an update on optimal presedation and euthanasia solution administration. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2020; 50 (3) 525\u2013543. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.12.00410.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.12.004"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Feline euthanasia - part 2: clinical considerations and technical recommendations","author":"Folger W","unstructured":"Folger W. Feline euthanasia - part 2: clinical considerations and technical recommendations. DVM 360. 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Presented at: AVMA Humane Endings Symposium; November 3\u20135, 2014; Chicago, IL."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref9","series-title":"AVMA symposium informs \u2018living document\u2019 on animal death. J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"8","article-title":"Humane endings","volume":"246","author":"Nolen S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nolen S. Humane endings. AVMA symposium informs \u2018living document\u2019 on animal death. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2015; 246 (1) 8\u201346. doi: 10.2460\/javma.246.1.8"},{"key":"ref10","series-title":"Clin Brief","article-title":"Alternate routes for euthanasia","author":"Gardner M","unstructured":"Gardner M. Alternate routes for euthanasia. Clin Brief. Published online March 2018. Accessed Oct 27, 2021. https:\/\/www.cliniciansbrief.com\/article\/alternate-routes-euthanasia"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"In person training. CAETA. Accessed May 10, 2021. https:\/\/caetainternational.com\/programs\/itinerary\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref12","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.12.005","article-title":"Common and alternative routes of euthanasia solution administration","volume":"50","author":"Cooney K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cooney K. Common and alternative routes of euthanasia solution administration. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2020; 50 (3) 545\u2013560. doi:10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.12.00510.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.12.005"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"The growing trend of intraorgan injections in companion animals","author":"Cooney K","unstructured":"Cooney K. The growing trend of intraorgan injections in companion animals. In: Proceedings of the AVMA Humane Endings Symposium. AVMA; 2018."}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/83\/1\/ajvr.21.08.0123.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/83\/1\/ajvr.21.08.0123.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/83\/1\/ajvr.21.08.0123.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T21:04:15Z","timestamp":1696539855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/83\/1\/ajvr.21.08.0123.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.21.08.0123","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}}}