{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T19:17:11Z","timestamp":1782501431049,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The objectives of this study were to investigate scattered radiation doses to the hands of equine workers holding the cassette and the x-ray tube by hand, for both limb and vertebral column studies, and to compare the scattered radiation attenuation of lead with radiation protection lead-free gloves. Radiation doses to the hands of the cassette holder in the primary beam were also investigated.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>SAMPLE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A whole-body horse cadaver.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A portable x-ray unit was used to simulate 6 radiographic study types in the horse cadaver. Doses were measured with no shielding and, for cassette holders, with the ion chamber enclosed in a lead glove and a lead-free glove. Thirty exposures were performed for each study view and condition (n = 1,920).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Mean scattered doses to x-ray unit operators were higher than doses to cassette holders for ungula (hoof), thoracic vertebrae, and lumbar vertebrae studies, whereas doses to cassette holders were higher than doses to x-ray tube operators for studies of the metacarpophalangeal joint (fetlock) and tarsus (hock). Doses did not differ for the stifle joint. Mean percentage decrease in scattered radiation dose was 99.58% with lead gloves and 98.9% with lead-free gloves.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>X-ray tube operators can be exposed to equal or higher scattered radiation doses to the hand as cassette holders. Lead-free hand shielding should only be considered as an alternative to lead gloves if their lighter weight increases frequency of use by workers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.21.08.0134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T16:52:56Z","timestamp":1646326376000},"page":"412-418","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["X-ray tube operators can be exposed to equal or higher scattered radiation doses to the hand as cassette holders during diagnostic radiographic procedures of the equine vertebral column and limbs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Alexandra F.","family":"Belotta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique N.","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl L.","family":"Waldner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narinder P.","family":"Sidhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Cancer, Prince George, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate A.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James L.","family":"Carmalt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando P.","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels K.","family":"Koehncke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"ref1","series-title":"Radiat Prot Dosimetry","first-page":"274","article-title":"Dose to persons assisting voluntarily during x-ray examinations of large animals","volume":"128","author":"Hupe O","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hupe O, Ankerhold U. Dose to persons assisting voluntarily during x-ray examinations of large animals. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2008;128(3):274\u2013278. doi:10.1093\/rpd\/ncm422"},{"key":"ref2","series-title":"Radiation Protection and Safety in Veterinary Medicine","first-page":"6","year":"2021","unstructured":"International Atomic Energy Agency. Radiation Protection and Safety in Veterinary Medicine. Safety Reports Series 104. International Atomic Energy Agency; 2021:6\u201396."},{"key":"ref3","series-title":"Radiation Protection in Veterinary Medicine","year":"2004","unstructured":"National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Radiation Protection in Veterinary Medicine. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements; 2004: Report No. 148."},{"issue":"8","key":"ref4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"919","article-title":"Survey of self-reported radiation safety practices among North American veterinary technicians involved in equine radiography using portable x-ray equipment","volume":"259","author":"Belotta AF","year":"2021","unstructured":"Belotta AF, Mayer MN, Koehncke NK, Carmalt J, Freitas FP, Waldner CL. Survey of self-reported radiation safety practices among North American veterinary technicians involved in equine radiography using portable x-ray equipment. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2021;259(8):919\u2013926. doi:10.2460\/javma.259.8.919"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref5","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"349","article-title":"Radiation safety practices among Canadian equine veterinary workers during diagnostic procedures with portable x-ray equipment","volume":"62","author":"Belotta AF","year":"2021","unstructured":"Belotta AF, Mayer MN, Waldner CL,  Radiation safety practices among Canadian equine veterinary workers during diagnostic procedures with portable x-ray equipment. Can Vet J. 2021;62(4):349\u2013356."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","series-title":"Radiography","first-page":"224","article-title":"Radiation safety considerations and compliance within equine veterinary clinics: results of an Australian survey","volume":"21","author":"Surjan Y","year":"2015","unstructured":"Surjan Y, Ostwald P, Milross C, Warren-Forward H. Radiation safety considerations and compliance within equine veterinary clinics: results of an Australian survey. Radiography. 2015;21(1):224\u2013230. doi:10.1016\/j.radi.2014.11.007"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","series-title":"Acta Vet Brno","first-page":"105","article-title":"Personnel exposure to scattered radiation during radiography of the distal interphalangeal joint in the horse using a portable x-ray machine","volume":"76","author":"\u0160terc J","year":"2007","unstructured":"\u0160terc J, Lepkov\u00e1 R. Personnel exposure to scattered radiation during radiography of the distal interphalangeal joint in the horse using a portable x-ray machine. Acta Vet Brno. 2007;76(1):105\u2013111. doi:10.2754\/avb200776010105"},{"key":"ref8","series-title":"J Equine Vet Sci","first-page":"70","article-title":"Radiation exposure to personnel obtaining equine appendicular radiographs using a handheld generator","volume":"73","author":"Ellis KL","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ellis KL, Morton AJ, Hernandez JA, Winter MD. Radiation exposure to personnel obtaining equine appendicular radiographs using a handheld generator. J Equine Vet Sci. 2019;73:70\u201374. doi:10.1016\/j.jevs.2018.11.013"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref9","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"121","article-title":"Estimated operator exposure for hand holding portable x-ray units during imaging of the equine distal extremity","volume":"52","author":"Tyson R","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tyson R, Smiley DC, Pleasant RS, Daniel GB. Estimated operator exposure for hand holding portable x-ray units during imaging of the equine distal extremity. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2011;52(2):121\u2013124. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2010.01754.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref10","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"601","article-title":"Lightweight bilayer barium sulfate-bismuth oxide composite thyroid collars for superior radiation protection in fluoroscopy-guided interventions: a prospective randomized controlled trial","volume":"270","author":"Uthoff H","year":"2014","unstructured":"Uthoff H, Benenati JF, Katzen BT,  Lightweight bilayer barium sulfate-bismuth oxide composite thyroid collars for superior radiation protection in fluoroscopy-guided interventions: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Radiology. 2014;270(2):601\u2013606. doi:10.1148\/radiol.13122834"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref11","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"915","article-title":"Evaluation of novel disposable, light-weight radiation protection devices in an interventional radiology setting: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"200","author":"Uthoff H","year":"2013","unstructured":"Uthoff H, Pena C, West J, Contreras F, Benenati JF, Katzen BT. Evaluation of novel disposable, light-weight radiation protection devices in an interventional radiology setting: a randomized controlled trial. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;200(4):915\u2013920. doi:10.2214\/AJR.12.8830"},{"key":"ref12","series-title":"Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans\u2014TCPS 2","article-title":"Panel on Research Ethics, Government of Canada. Scope and approach","year":"2018","unstructured":"Panel on Research Ethics, Government of Canada. Scope and approach. In: Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans\u2014TCPS 2. Canadian Institute of Health Research; 2018. Accessed December 13, 2021.https:\/\/ethics.gc.ca\/eng\/tcps2-eptc2_2018_chapter2-chapitre2.html#a"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"ref13","series-title":"Ann ICRP","first-page":"1","article-title":"ICRP publication 118: ICRP statement on tissue reactions and early and late effects of radiation in normal tissues and organs\u2014threshold doses for tissue reactions in a radiation protection context","volume":"41","author":"Stewart FA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stewart FA, Akleyev AV, Hauer-Jensen M,  ICRP publication 118: ICRP statement on tissue reactions and early and late effects of radiation in normal tissues and organs\u2014threshold doses for tissue reactions in a radiation protection context. Ann ICRP. 2012;41(1-2):1\u2013322. doi:10.1016\/j.icrp.2012.02.001"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref14","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"227","article-title":"Effects of low-level exposure to ionizing radiation: current concepts and concerns for veterinary workers","volume":"37","author":"Widmer WR","year":"1996","unstructured":"Widmer WR, Shaw SM, Thrall DE. Effects of low-level exposure to ionizing radiation: current concepts and concerns for veterinary workers. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 1996;37(3):227\u2013239. doi:10.1111\/j.1740\u20138261.1996.tb01225.x"},{"issue":"2-4","key":"ref15","series-title":"Ann ICRP","first-page":"1","article-title":"ICRP Publication 103","volume":"37","year":"2007","unstructured":"The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 103. Ann ICRP. 2007;37(2-4):1\u2013332. doi:10.1016\/j.icrp.2007.10.003"},{"key":"ref16","series-title":"Radiation protection in veterinary medicine\u2014recommended safety procedures for installation and use of veterinary x-ray equipment\u2014Safety Code 28","year":"1991","unstructured":"Environmental Health Directorate Health Protection Branch. Radiation protection in veterinary medicine\u2014recommended safety procedures for installation and use of veterinary x-ray equipment\u2014Safety Code 28. 1991. Accessed December 12, 2021.https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/environmental-workplace-health\/reports-publications\/radiation\/radiation-protection-veterinary-medicine-recommended-safety-procedures-installation-use-veterinary-equipment-safety-code-28.html"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/83\/5\/ajvr.21.08.0134.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/83\/5\/ajvr.21.08.0134.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/83\/5\/ajvr.21.08.0134.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T04:37:37Z","timestamp":1749616657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/83\/5\/ajvr.21.08.0134.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.21.08.0134","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]]}}}