{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T22:24:45Z","timestamp":1778279085465,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651968000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To evaluate cardiac output (CO) measurements using transpulmonary ultrasound (TPUD) technology and compare results with those of the gold standard, pulmonary arterial catheter thermodilution (PACTD), in 6 healthy anesthetized pigs during acute hemodynamic changes caused by manipulation of the blood volume.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>6 healthy male Landrace pigs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Over a period of 1 week, pigs were anesthetized with isoflurane, mechanically ventilated, and underwent instrumentation in dorsal recumbency. They were subjected to sequential experimental states during which the blood volume was manipulated so that the animals transitioned from normovolemia to hypovolemia (20% and 40% of blood volume depletion), back to normovolemia (autologous blood transfusion), and then to hypervolemia (following colloid bolus). During each volume state, CO measurements were compared between TPUD and PACTD.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The mean \u00b1 SD relative bias between TPUD and PACTD was 7.71% \u00b1 21.2% with limits of agreement \u201333.9% to 49.3%, indicating TPUD slightly underestimated CO values, compared with values obtained with PACTD. The mean \u00b1 SD of the bias between the 2 methods was 0.13 \u00b1 0.5 L\/min. Only 5 of 36 (13.9%) TPUD CO measurements had an absolute value of relative bias &gt; 30%. The percentage error calculated for TPUD was 29.4%.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Results suggested that TPUD measurements have acceptable agreement with PACTD measurements. Moreover, TPUD exhibits promising potential in being used interchangeably with PACTD for future hemodynamic research involving swine as species of interest.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.21.11.0189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T19:16:56Z","timestamp":1651864616000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Transpulmonary ultrasound dilution is an acceptable technique for cardiac output measurement in anesthetized pigs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Vaidehi V.","family":"Paranjape","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andre C.","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capital Veterinary Specialists, Jacksonville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando L.","family":"Garcia-Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capital Veterinary Specialists, Jacksonville, FL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siddharth","family":"Saksena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"B1","series-title":"Ann Card Anaesth","first-page":"6","article-title":"Cardiac output monitoring: technology and choice","volume":"22","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kobe J, Mishra N, Arya VK, Al-Moustadi W, Nates W, Kumar B. 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