{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:40:25Z","timestamp":1741354825780,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To describe misoprostol pharmacokinetics and anti-inflammatory efficacy when administered orally or per rectum in endotoxin-challenged horses.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>6 healthy geldings.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A randomized 3-treatment crossover design was performed with a minimum washout period of 28 days between treatment arms. Prior to endotoxin challenge (lipopolysaccharide, 30 ng\/kg IV over 30 minutes), horses received misoprostol (5 \u00b5g\/kg once) per os (M-PO) or per rectum (M-PR) or water as control (CON). Clinical parameters were evaluated and blood samples obtained to measure plasma misoprostol free acid concentration, leukocyte counts, and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF\u03b1) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) leukocyte gene expression and serum concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In the M-PO treatment arm, maximum plasma concentration and area under the concentration-versus-time curve (mean \u00b1 SD) were higher (5,209 \u00b1 3,487 pg\/mL and 17,998,254 \u00b1 13,194,420 h\u00b7pg\/mL, respectively) and median (interquartile range) time to maximum concentration (25 min [18 to 34 min]) was longer than in the M-PR treatment arm (854 \u00b1 855 pg\/mL; 644,960 \u00b1 558,866 h\u00b7pg\/mL; 3 min [3 to 3.5 min]). Significant differences in clinical parameters, leukocyte counts, and TNF\u03b1 or IL-6 gene expression or serum protein concentration were not detected. Downregulation of relative gene expression was appreciated for individual horses in the M-PO and M-PR treatment arms at select time points.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Considerable variability in measured parameters was detected among horses within and between treatment arms. Misoprostol absorption and systemic exposure after PO administration differed from previous reports in horses not administered LPS. Investigation of multidose administration of misoprostol is warranted to better evaluate efficacy as an anti-inflammatory therapeutic.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.21.12.0206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T18:17:33Z","timestamp":1655403453000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of a single dose of orally and rectally administered misoprostol in an in vivo endotoxemia model in healthy adult horses"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Shune","family":"Kimura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annette M.","family":"McCoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawn M.","family":"Boothe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne A.","family":"Wooldridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Graff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samantha M.","family":"Hammack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Cresci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Hofmeister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kara M.","family":"Lascola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Large Animal Internal Medicine","first-page":"742","article-title":"Endotoxemia and sepsis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hart KA, Beasley EM, MacKay RJ. Endotoxemia and sepsis. In: Smith BP, Metre DCV, Pusterla N, eds. Large Animal Internal Medicine. 6 ed. Elsevier; 2020:742\u2013756."},{"issue":"3","key":"B2","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","first-page":"681","article-title":"Treatment of endotoxemia","volume":"19","year":"2003","unstructured":"Moore JN, Barton MH. Treatment of endotoxemia. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2003;19(3):681\u2013695.14740763"},{"issue":"4","key":"B3","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"371","article-title":"Endotoxaemia: a review with implications for the horse","volume":"37","year":"2005","unstructured":"Werners A, Bull S, Fink-Gremmels J. Endotoxaemia: a review with implications for the horse. Equine Vet J. 2005;37(4):371\u2013383.16028631"},{"issue":"2","key":"B4","series-title":"Equine Vet Educ","first-page":"99","article-title":"A review of equine sepsis","volume":"27","year":"2015","unstructured":"Taylor S. A review of equine sepsis. Equine Vet Educ. 2015;27(2):99\u2013109.32313390"},{"issue":"4","key":"B5","series-title":"J Endotoxin Res","first-page":"289","article-title":"Endotoxin, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor concentrations in equine acute abdominal disease: relation to clinical outcome","volume":"2","year":"1995","unstructured":"Steverink P, Sturk A, Rutten V, et al. Endotoxin, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor concentrations in equine acute abdominal disease: relation to clinical outcome. J Endotoxin Res. 1995;2(4):289\u2013299."},{"issue":"5","key":"B6","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"585","article-title":"Plasma endotoxin in horses presented to an equine referral hospital: correlation to selected clinical parameters and outcomes","volume":"43","year":"2011","unstructured":"Senior J, Proudman C, Leuwer M, Carter S. Plasma endotoxin in horses presented to an equine referral hospital: correlation to selected clinical parameters and outcomes. Equine Vet J. 2011;43(5):585\u2013591."},{"issue":"1","key":"B7","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"53","article-title":"Arterial lactate concentration, hospital survival, sepsis and SIRS in critically ill neonatal foals","volume":"37","year":"2005","unstructured":"Corley K, Donaldson L, Furr M. Arterial lactate concentration, hospital survival, sepsis and SIRS in critically ill neonatal foals. Equine Vet J. 2005;37(1):53\u201359.15651735"},{"issue":"3","key":"B8","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1185","article-title":"Evaluation of updated sepsis scoring systems and systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria and their association with sepsis in equine neonates","volume":"32","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wong D, Ruby R, Dembek K, et al. Evaluation of updated sepsis scoring systems and systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria and their association with sepsis in equine neonates. J Vet Intern Med. 2018;32(3):1185\u20131193.29582480"},{"issue":"2","key":"B9","series-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract","first-page":"337","article-title":"Is it the systemic inflammatory response syndrome or endotoxemia in horses with colic?","volume":"30","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moore JN, Vandenplas ML. Is it the systemic inflammatory response syndrome or endotoxemia in horses with colic? Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2014;30(2):337\u2013351."},{"issue":"1","key":"B10","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Car","first-page":"76","article-title":"The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in critically ill horses","volume":"25","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cook VL, Blikslager AT. The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in critically ill horses. J Vet Emerg Crit Car. 2015;25(1):76\u201388."},{"issue":"11","key":"B11","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1291","article-title":"Effect of pentoxifylline, flunixin meglumine, and their combination on a model of endotoxemia in horses","volume":"58","year":"1997","unstructured":"Baskett A, Barton M, Norton N, Anders B, Moore J. Effect of pentoxifylline, flunixin meglumine, and their combination on a model of endotoxemia in horses. Am J Vet Res. 1997;58(11):1291\u20131299."},{"key":"B12","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"140","article-title":"The effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the equine intestine","volume":"43","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marshall J, Blikslager A. The effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the equine intestine. Equine Vet J. 2011;43:140\u2013144."},{"key":"B13","series-title":"Therapeutic Drugs","first-page":"193","article-title":"Misoprostol","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dollery C. Misoprostol. In: Dollery C, ed. Therapeutic Drugs. Churchill Livingstone; 1999:193\u2013197."},{"issue":"5","key":"B14","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"575","article-title":"Misoprostol is superior to combined omeprazole-sucralfate for the treatment of equine gastric glandular disease","volume":"51","year":"2019","unstructured":"Varley G, Bowen I, Habershon-Butcher J, Nicholls V, Hallowell G. Misoprostol is superior to combined omeprazole-sucralfate for the treatment of equine gastric glandular disease. Equine Vet J. 2019;51(5):575\u2013580.30809869"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"B15","series-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol","first-page":"65","article-title":"The effects of cAMP modulation upon the adhesion and respiratory burst activity of immune complex-stimulated equine neutrophils","volume":"88","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chilcoat CD, Rowlingson KA, Jones SL. The effects of cAMP modulation upon the adhesion and respiratory burst activity of immune complex-stimulated equine neutrophils. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2002;88(1\u20132):65\u201377.12088646"},{"issue":"2","key":"B16","series-title":"Clin Immunol","first-page":"291","article-title":"Misoprostol modulates cytokine expression through a cAMP pathway: potential therapeutic implication for liver disease","volume":"161","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gobejishvili L, Ghare S, Khan R, et al. Misoprostol modulates cytokine expression through a cAMP pathway: potential therapeutic implication for liver disease. Clin Immunol. 2015;161(2):291\u2013299.26408955"},{"issue":"2","key":"B17","series-title":"Mol Pharmacol","first-page":"337","article-title":"Interleukin-1\u03b2\u2013induced mucin production in human airway epithelium is mediated by cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2 receptors, and cyclic AMP-protein kinase A signaling","volume":"66","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gray T, Nettesheim P, Loftin C, et al. Interleukin-1\u03b2\u2013induced mucin production in human airway epithelium is mediated by cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2 receptors, and cyclic AMP-protein kinase A signaling. Mol Pharmacol. 2004;66(2):337\u2013346.15266025"},{"issue":"3","key":"B18","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"415","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and ex vivo anti-inflammatory effects of oral misoprostol in horses","volume":"51","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martin E, Schirmer J, Jones S, Davis J. Pharmacokinetics and ex vivo anti-inflammatory effects of oral misoprostol in horses. Equine Vet J. 2019;51(3):415\u2013421.30256450"},{"key":"B19","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"160","article-title":"Misoprostol inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production by equine leukocytes","volume":"4","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martin EM, Messenger KM, Sheats MK, Jones SL. Misoprostol inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production by equine leukocytes. Front Vet Sci. 2017;4:160.29034249"},{"key":"B20","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"159","article-title":"Misoprostol inhibits equine neutrophil adhesion, migration, and respiratory burst in an in vitro model of inflammation","volume":"4","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martin EM, Till RL, Sheats MK, Jones SL. Misoprostol inhibits equine neutrophil adhesion, migration, and respiratory burst in an in vitro model of inflammation. Front Vet Sci. 2017;4:159. doi:10.3389\/fvets.2017.00159."},{"issue":"2","key":"B21","series-title":"Am J Resp Cell Mol","first-page":"127","article-title":"Cyclic AMP: master regulator of innate immune cell function","volume":"39","year":"2008","unstructured":"Serezani CH, Ballinger MN, Aronoff DM, Peters-Golden M. Cyclic AMP: master regulator of innate immune cell function. Am J Resp Cell Mol. 2008;39(2):127\u2013132."},{"issue":"1","key":"B22","series-title":"Brit J Pharmacol","first-page":"149","article-title":"Characterization of the prostanoid receptor (s) on human blood monocytes at which prostaglandin E2 inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 generation","volume":"122","year":"1997","unstructured":"Meja KK, Barnes PJ, Giembycz MA. Characterization of the prostanoid receptor (s) on human blood monocytes at which prostaglandin E2 inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 generation. Brit J Pharmacol. 1997;122(1):149\u2013157."},{"issue":"3","key":"B23","series-title":"Res Vet Sci","first-page":"682","article-title":"Effects of oral clenbuterol on the clinical and inflammatory response to endotoxaemia in the horse","volume":"94","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cudmore L, Muurlink T, Whittem T, Bailey S. Effects of oral clenbuterol on the clinical and inflammatory response to endotoxaemia in the horse. Res Vet Sci. 2013;94(3):682\u2013686.23462621"},{"issue":"6","key":"B24","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"487","article-title":"The effects of pentoxifylline infusion on plasma 6-keto-prostaglandin F1\u03b1 and ex vivo endotoxin-induced tumour necrosis factor activity in horses","volume":"20","year":"1997","unstructured":"Barton M, Ferguson D, Davis P, Moore J. The effects of pentoxifylline infusion on plasma 6-keto-prostaglandin F1\u03b1 and ex vivo endotoxin-induced tumour necrosis factor activity in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1997;20(6):487\u2013492.9430774"},{"issue":"4","key":"B25","series-title":"Circ Shock","first-page":"216","article-title":"Pentoxifylline inhibits mediator synthesis in an equine in vitro whole blood model of endotoxemia","volume":"44","year":"1994","unstructured":"Barton MH, Moore JN. Pentoxifylline inhibits mediator synthesis in an equine in vitro whole blood model of endotoxemia. Circ Shock. 1994;44(4):216\u2013220."},{"issue":"11","key":"B26","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1026","article-title":"Single-dose pharmacokinetics of orally and rectally administered misoprostol in adult horses","volume":"80","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lopp CT, McCoy AM, Boothe D, Schaeffer DJ, Lascola K. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of orally and rectally administered misoprostol in adult horses. Am J Vet Res. 2019;80(11):1026\u20131033.31644339"},{"key":"B27","series-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol","first-page":"10","article-title":"Duration of in vivo endotoxin tolerance in horses","volume":"173","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holcombe SJ, Jacobs CC, Cook VL, Gandy JC, Hauptman JG, Sordillo LM. Duration of in vivo endotoxin tolerance in horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2016;173:10\u201316.27090620"},{"issue":"5","key":"B28","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"397","article-title":"Polymyxin B protects horses against induced endotoxaemia in vivo","volume":"36","year":"2004","unstructured":"Barton M, Parviainen A, Norton N. Polymyxin B protects horses against induced endotoxaemia in vivo. Equine Vet J. 2004;36(5):397\u2013401.15253079"},{"key":"B29","series-title":"Digest Dis Sci","first-page":"126s","article-title":"Metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies of misoprostol","volume":"30","year":"1985","unstructured":"Schoenhard G, Oppermann J, Kohn FE. Metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies of misoprostol. Digest Dis Sci. 1985;30(suppl 11):126s\u2013128s.3932043"},{"issue":"8","key":"B30","series-title":"Hum Reprod","first-page":"1862","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of repeated doses of misoprostol","volume":"24","year":"2009","unstructured":"Tang OS, Schweer H, Lee SW, Ho PC. Pharmacokinetics of repeated doses of misoprostol. Hum Reprod. 2009;24(8):1862\u20131869.19395364"},{"issue":"2","key":"B31","series-title":"Hum Reprod","first-page":"332","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of different routes of administration of misoprostol","volume":"17","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tang OS, Schweer H, Seyberth H, Lee SW, Ho PC. Pharmacokinetics of different routes of administration of misoprostol. Hum Reprod. 2002;17(2):332\u2013336.11821273"},{"issue":"2","key":"B32","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"249","article-title":"Effect of age and dietary carbohydrate profiles on glucose and insulin dynamics in horses","volume":"50","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jacob SI, Geor RJ, Weber PSD, Harris PA, McCue ME. Effect of age and dietary carbohydrate profiles on glucose and insulin dynamics in horses. Equine Vet J. 2018;50(2):249\u2013254.28833406"},{"issue":"4","key":"B33","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"1631","article-title":"Meloxicam ameliorates the systemic inflammatory response syndrome associated with experimentally induced endotoxemia in adult donkeys","volume":"34","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mendoza Garcia FJ, Gonzalez-De Cara C, Aguilera-Aguilera R, Buzon-Cuevas A, Perez-Ecija A. Meloxicam ameliorates the systemic inflammatory response syndrome associated with experimentally induced endotoxemia in adult donkeys. J Vet Intern Med. 2020;34(4):1631\u20131641.32463537"},{"issue":"11","key":"B34","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1300","article-title":"Effects of pentoxifylline infusion on response of horses to in vivo challenge exposure with endotoxin","volume":"58","year":"1997","unstructured":"Barton M, Moore J, Norton N. Effects of pentoxifylline infusion on response of horses to in vivo challenge exposure with endotoxin. Am J Vet Res. 1997;58(11):1300\u20131307.9361896"},{"key":"B35","series-title":"J Hematol Oncol","first-page":"61","article-title":"An evolving new paradigm: endothelial cells\u2013conditional innate immune cells","volume":"6","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mai J, Virtue A, Shen J, Wang H, Yang XF. An evolving new paradigm: endothelial cells\u2013conditional innate immune cells. J Hematol Oncol. 2013;6:61.23965413"},{"key":"B36","series-title":"Physiologic Basis of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology","first-page":"55","article-title":"The concept of bioavailability and applications to veterinary dosage forms","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baggot JD. The concept of bioavailability and applications to veterinary dosage forms. In: Baggot JD, ed. Physiologic Basis of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd; 2001:55\u201391."},{"issue":"4","key":"B37","series-title":"Can J Vet Res","first-page":"297","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and plasma concentrations of acetylsalicylic acid after intravenous, rectal, and intragastric administration to horses","volume":"67","year":"2003","unstructured":"Broome TA, Brown MP, Gronwall RR, Casey MF, Meritt KA. Pharmacokinetics and plasma concentrations of acetylsalicylic acid after intravenous, rectal, and intragastric administration to horses. Can J Vet Res. 2003;67(4):297\u2013302.14620867"},{"issue":"1","key":"B38","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"82","article-title":"Unreliable rectal absorption of Cisapride in horses","volume":"31","year":"1999","unstructured":"Steel CM, Bolton JR, Preechagoon Y, Charles BG. Unreliable rectal absorption of Cisapride in horses. Equine Vet J. 1999;31(1):82\u201384.9952334"},{"issue":"6","key":"B39","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"353","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in horses after intravenous, rectal and oral administration","volume":"23","year":"2000","unstructured":"Steinman A, Gips M, Lavy E, Sinay I, Soback S. Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in horses after intravenous, rectal and oral administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2000;23(6):353\u2013357.11168912"},{"issue":"1","key":"B40","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"65","article-title":"Influence of Escherichia coli endotoxin-induced fever on the pharmacokinetic behavior of marbofloxacin after intravenous administration in goats","volume":"26","year":"2003","unstructured":"Waxman S, San Andres M, Gonzalez F, De Lucas J, San Andres M, Rodriguez C. Influence of Escherichia coli endotoxin-induced fever on the pharmacokinetic behavior of marbofloxacin after intravenous administration in goats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2003;26(1):65\u201369.12603777"},{"issue":"8","key":"B41","series-title":"J Vet Med A","first-page":"410","article-title":"Influence of Escherichia coli endotoxin-induced endotoxaemia on the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after intravenous administration in rabbits","volume":"53","year":"2006","unstructured":"Elmas M, Yazar E, Uney K, Er A. Influence of Escherichia coli endotoxin-induced endotoxaemia on the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after intravenous administration in rabbits. J Vet Med A. 2006;53(8):410\u2013414."},{"issue":"6","key":"B42","series-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"809","article-title":"Effects of inflammation on pharmacokinetics\/pharmacodynamics: increasing recognition of its contribution to variability in response","volume":"83","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmith VD, Foss JF. Effects of inflammation on pharmacokinetics\/pharmacodynamics: increasing recognition of its contribution to variability in response. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008;83(6):809\u2013811."},{"issue":"2","key":"B43","series-title":"Drug Discov Today","first-page":"417","article-title":"Gut reaction: impact of systemic diseases on gastrointestinal physiology and drug absorption","volume":"24","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hatton GB, Madla CM, Rabbie SC, Basit AW. Gut reaction: impact of systemic diseases on gastrointestinal physiology and drug absorption. Drug Discov Today. 2019;24(2):417\u2013427.30453059"},{"issue":"4","key":"B44","series-title":"Equine Vet J","first-page":"358","article-title":"Evaluation of dimethyl sulphoxide effects on initial response to endotoxin in the horse","volume":"40","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kelmer G, Doherty TJ, Elliott S, Saxton A, Fry M, Andrews F. Evaluation of dimethyl sulphoxide effects on initial response to endotoxin in the horse. Equine Vet J. 2008;40(4):358\u2013363.18356128"},{"issue":"7","key":"B45","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"921","article-title":"Effects of polymyxin B and Salmonella typhimurium antiserum on horses given endotoxin intravenously","volume":"55","year":"1994","unstructured":"Durando MM, MacKay RJ, Linda S, Skelley L. Effects of polymyxin B and Salmonella typhimurium antiserum on horses given endotoxin intravenously. Am J Vet Res. 1994;55(7):921\u2013927.7978630"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/83\/8\/ajvr.21.12.0206.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/83\/8\/ajvr.21.12.0206.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/83\/8\/ajvr.21.12.0206.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T13:02:22Z","timestamp":1741352542000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/83\/8\/ajvr.21.12.0206.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.21.12.0206","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0002-9645"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]}}}