{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:57:24Z","timestamp":1792450644520,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To evaluate the duration and analgesic quality of bupivacaine mixed with dexmedetomidine (BUP-DEX) or bupivacaine liposome suspension (BLS) administered as a transverse abdominis plane (TAP) block, compared with a negative control (no TAP block; CTRL) in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>26 mixed-breed shelter dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy between January 28 and December 8, 2020.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Each dog was randomly assigned to receive either an ultrasound-guided TAP block with either BUP-DEX or BLS or to receive no TAP block at time 0 after induction of general anesthesia. Superficial and abdominal wall pain scores were evaluated before time 0 and at 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours later. Additionally, sedation scores and time to return of various behaviors, such as eating or drinking, were compared.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The CTRL group had significantly greater pain scores than the BUP-DEX and BLS groups, but no differences were found between the BUP-DEX and BLS groups. Postoperatively, significantly more dogs needed rescue analgesia and the time to need it was shorter for the CTRL group, compared with the BUP-DEX or BLS groups. Additionally, the CTRL group had greater sedation scores than the other 2 groups. No significant differences were observed in any of the evaluated outcome variables such as eating or drinking.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A TAP block appeared to provide adequate postoperative analgesia for abdominal surgery in the dogs of the present study undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. The BLS TAP block did not appear to provide any extra benefit beyond what BUP-DEX TAP block added under these specific conditions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.22.03.0037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T15:43:46Z","timestamp":1658159026000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Transverse abdominis plane injection of bupivacaine with dexmedetomidine or a bupivacaine liposomal suspension yielded lower pain scores and requirement for rescue analgesia in a controlled, randomized trial in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Luis","family":"Campoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Martin-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordyn M.","family":"Boesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle N.","family":"Moyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin D.","family":"Gleed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shalini","family":"Radhakrishman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhiannon M.","family":"Pavlinac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Sieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia S.","family":"Colon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven R.","family":"Magidenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"B1","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"516","article-title":"Description of an ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block and the spread of dye in dog cadavers","volume":"46","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ferreira TH, St James M, Schroeder CA, Hershberger-Braker KL, Teixeira LBC, Schroeder KM. Description of an ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block and the spread of dye in dog cadavers. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2019;46(4):516\u2013522.31029460"},{"issue":"2","key":"B2","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"249","article-title":"Description of ultrasound-guided quadratus lumborum block technique and evaluation of injectate spread in canine cadavers","volume":"47","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garbin M, Portela DA, Bertolizio G, Garcia-Pereira F, Gallastegui A, Otero PE. Description of ultrasound-guided quadratus lumborum block technique and evaluation of injectate spread in canine cadavers. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2020;47(2):249\u2013258.32014397"},{"issue":"5","key":"B3","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"269","article-title":"Comparison of the spread of two different volumes of contrast medium when performing ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane injection in dog cadavers","volume":"58","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zoff A, Laborda-Vidal P, Mortier J, et al. Comparison of the spread of two different volumes of contrast medium when performing ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane injection in dog cadavers. J Small Anim Pract. 2017;58(5):269\u2013275.28199008"},{"issue":"9","key":"B4","series-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand","first-page":"1126","article-title":"Close-to-the-nerve vs interfascial plane blocks: sniper rifle vs shotgun-which will hit the target most reliably?","volume":"63","year":"2019","unstructured":"L\u00f6nnqvist PA, Karmakar M. Close-to-the-nerve vs interfascial plane blocks: sniper rifle vs shotgun-which will hit the target most reliably? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2019;63(9):1126\u20131128.31283833"},{"issue":"7","key":"B5","series-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med","first-page":"618","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of fascial plane blocks: a narrative review","volume":"46","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chin KJ, Lirk P, Hollmann MW, Amengual M, Rioja E. Mechanisms of action of fascial plane blocks: a narrative review. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2021;46(7):618\u2013628.34145073"},{"issue":"7","key":"B6","series-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med","first-page":"581","article-title":"Anatomical basis of fascial plane blocks","volume":"46","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chin KJ, Versyck B, Elsharkawy H, Rojas Gomez MF, Sala-Blanch X, Reina MA. Anatomical basis of fascial plane blocks. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2021;46(7):581\u2013599.34145071"},{"issue":"7","key":"B7","series-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med","first-page":"600","article-title":"Fascial plane blocks: a narrative review of the literature","volume":"46","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim DH, Kim SJ, Liu J, Beathe J, Memtsoudis SG. Fascial plane blocks: a narrative review of the literature. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2021;46(7):600\u2013617.34145072"},{"issue":"4","key":"B8","series-title":"Anat Histol Embryol","first-page":"373","article-title":"Anatomical evaluation of the thoracolumbar nerves related to the transversus abdominis plane block technique in the dog","volume":"46","year":"2017","unstructured":"Casta\u00f1eda-Herrera FE, Buritic\u00e1-Gaviria EF, Echeverry-Bonilla DF. Anatomical evaluation of the thoracolumbar nerves related to the transversus abdominis plane block technique in the dog. Anat Histol Embryol. 2017;46(4):373\u2013377."},{"issue":"6","key":"B9","series-title":"J Int Med Res","first-page":"300060520922691","article-title":"Comparison of analgesic efficacy of continuous transversus abdominis plane block with continuous epidural analgesia in patients undergoing abdominal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu X, Ou C, Peng F, Mu G. Comparison of analgesic efficacy of continuous transversus abdominis plane block with continuous epidural analgesia in patients undergoing abdominal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int Med Res. 2020;48(6):300060520922691.32485123"},{"issue":"1","key":"B10","series-title":"Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med","first-page":"41","article-title":"Postoperative analgesic efficacy of ultrasound-guided ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve block compared with medial transverse abdominis plane block in inguinal hernia repair: a prospective, randomised trial","volume":"38","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bhatia N, Sen IM, Mandal B, Batra A. Postoperative analgesic efficacy of ultrasound-guided ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve block compared with medial transverse abdominis plane block in inguinal hernia repair: a prospective, randomised trial. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2019;38(1):41\u201345.29605459"},{"issue":"3","key":"B11","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"319","article-title":"Retrospective clinical evaluation of ultrasound guided transverse abdominis plane block in dogs undergoing mastectomy","volume":"41","year":"2014","unstructured":"Portela DA, Romano M, Briganti A. Retrospective clinical evaluation of ultrasound guided transverse abdominis plane block in dogs undergoing mastectomy. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2014;41(3):319\u2013324.24754569"},{"issue":"2","key":"B12","series-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med","first-page":"338","article-title":"Transversus abdominis plane block for exploratory laparotomy in a Canadian lynx (Lynx canadensis)","volume":"41","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schroeder CA, Schroeder KM, Johnson RA. Transversus abdominis plane block for exploratory laparotomy in a Canadian lynx (Lynx canadensis). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2010;41(2):338\u2013341."},{"issue":"3","key":"B13","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"374","article-title":"Perioperative analgesic effects of an ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block with a mixture of bupivacaine and lidocaine in cats undergoing ovariectomy","volume":"45","year":"2018","unstructured":"Skouropoulou D, Lacitignola L, Centonze P, Simone A, Crovace AM, Staffieri F. Perioperative analgesic effects of an ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block with a mixture of bupivacaine and lidocaine in cats undergoing ovariectomy. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2018;45(3):374\u2013383.29627201"},{"issue":"1","key":"B14","series-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med","first-page":"5","article-title":"Transversus abdominis plane catheters for analgesia following abdominal surgery in adults","volume":"43","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sanderson BJ, Doane MA. Transversus abdominis plane catheters for analgesia following abdominal surgery in adults. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2018;43(1):5\u201313.29099414"},{"key":"B15","year":"2020","unstructured":"American Society of Anesthesiologists. ASA physical status classification system. Last modified December 13, 2020. Accessed May 27, 2022. https:\/\/www.asahq.org\/standards-and-guidelines\/asa-physical-status-classification-system"},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"751949","article-title":"The Short Form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale in post-operative analgesia studies in dogs: a scoping review","volume":"8","year":"2021","unstructured":"Testa B, Reid J, Scott ME, Murison PJ, Bell AM. The Short Form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale in post-operative analgesia studies in dogs: a scoping review. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:751949.34660773"},{"key":"B17","series-title":"Case Rep Emerg Med","first-page":"759508","article-title":"Treatment of acute flares of chronic pancreatitis pain with ultrasound guided transversus abdominis plane block: a novel application of a pain management technique in the acute care setting","volume":"2014","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smith DI, Hoang K, Gelbard W. Treatment of acute flares of chronic pancreatitis pain with ultrasound guided transversus abdominis plane block: a novel application of a pain management technique in the acute care setting. Case Rep Emerg Med. 2014;2014:759508."},{"key":"B18","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elanco. Nocita package insert. Last modified March 2021. Accessed May 27, 2022. https:\/\/www.elancolabels.com\/us\/nocita."},{"issue":"23","key":"B19","series-title":"Vet Rec","first-page":"729","article-title":"Postoperative signs in 96 dogs undergoing soft tissue surgery","volume":"155","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vaisanen M, Oksanen H, Vainio O. Postoperative signs in 96 dogs undergoing soft tissue surgery. Vet Rec. 2004;155(23):729\u2013733.15623085"},{"key":"B20","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pacira. Exparel package insert. Last modified March 2022. Accessed May 27, 2022. https:\/\/www.exparel.com\/hcp\/prescribing-information.pdf"},{"key":"B21","series-title":"Local Reg Anesth","first-page":"105","article-title":"Impact of volume expansion on the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of liposome bupivacaine","volume":"8","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hadzic A, Abikhaled JA, Harmon WJ. Impact of volume expansion on the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of liposome bupivacaine. Local Reg Anesth. 2015;8:105\u2013111.26673040"},{"key":"B22","series-title":"Open Orthop J","first-page":"94","article-title":"Time to analgesia onset and pharmacokinetics after separate and combined administration of liposome bupivacaine and bupivacaine HCl: considerations for clinicians","volume":"10","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gadsden J, Long WJ. Time to analgesia onset and pharmacokinetics after separate and combined administration of liposome bupivacaine and bupivacaine HCl: considerations for clinicians. Open Orthop J. 2016;10:94\u2013104.27347237"},{"issue":"4","key":"B23","series-title":"Today\u2019s Vet Pract","first-page":"73","article-title":"Bupivacaine liposome injectate suspension (Nocita) use in dogs and cats","volume":"2","year":"2020","unstructured":"Enomoto H, Messenger K, Lascelles DX. Bupivacaine liposome injectate suspension (Nocita) use in dogs and cats. Today\u2019s Vet Pract. 2020;2(4):73\u201378."},{"issue":"6","key":"B24","series-title":"Anesthesia and Analgesia","first-page":"794","article-title":"Comparative systemic toxicity of convulsant and supraconvulsant doses of intravenous ropivacaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine in the conscious dog","volume":"69","year":"1989","unstructured":"Feldman HS, Arthur GR, Covino BG. Comparative systemic toxicity of convulsant and supraconvulsant doses of intravenous ropivacaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine in the conscious dog. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1989;69(6):794\u2013801.2511782"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/83\/9\/ajvr.22.03.0037.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/83\/9\/ajvr.22.03.0037.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/83\/9\/ajvr.22.03.0037.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:58:03Z","timestamp":1741352283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/83\/9\/ajvr.22.03.0037.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.22.03.0037","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}}}