{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T18:54:58Z","timestamp":1790276098970,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To evaluate the influence of superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) graft augmentation on the biomechanical properties and resistance to gap formation in a canine gastrocnemius tendon repair model.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>SAMPLE POPULATION<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>28 canine cadaveric hind limbs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Respective hindlimbs from each dog were randomized to one of two groups (n = 14\/group) using a 3-loop\u2013pulley (3LP) pattern alone or 3LP + SDFT graft augmentation. Biomechanical parameters evaluated included yield, peak, and failure loads; tensile loads required to create 1- and 3-mm gap formations; and mode of construct failure.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Mean yield and failure loads for the 3LP + SDFT graft group were 483.6 \u00b1 148.0 N and 478.3 \u00b1 147.9 N, respectively, and were greater compared to the 3LP group (34.2 \u00b1 6.7 N and 34.0 \u00b1 8.0 N, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .0001). Loads to both 1- and 3-mm gap formations for the 3LP + SDFT graft group were greater compared to 3LP alone (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001). Failure modes did not differ between groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .120), with constructs failing most commonly by suture pulling through opposed tendinous tissues whereas SDFT grafts remained intact.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>SDFT graft augmentation increased yield, peak, and failure forces 14-fold across all examined biomechanical variables compared to the 3LP group. The 3LP + SDFT graft group required 3.6X and 6.5X greater loads to cause a 1- and 3-mm gap, respectively, between tendon ends. These data support the biomechanical advantages of SDFT graft augmentation to increase repair-site strength and to promote resistance to gap formation of the tenorrhaphy. Additional in vivo studies are required to determine the effect of SDFT augmentation on clinical function and active limb use after graft harvest in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.22.03.0039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T13:52:27Z","timestamp":1658238747000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Superficial digital flexor tendon graft augmentation improves the tensile strength and resistance to gap formation following primary gastrocnemius tendon repair in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Julianna K.","family":"DiMichele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Jen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George E.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Administration, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"02","key":"B1","series-title":"Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol","first-page":"56","article-title":"Incidence of canine appendicular musculoskeletal disorders in 16 veterinary teaching hospitals from 1980 through 1989","volume":"07","year":"1994","unstructured":"Johnson J, Austin C, Breur G. 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