{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T05:36:40Z","timestamp":1768801000204,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To evaluate the sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of various combinations of acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, hydromorphone, and glycopyrrolate, followed by anesthetic induction with propofol and maintenance with isoflurane in healthy dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>6 healthy adult female Beagles.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Dogs were instrumented for hemodynamic measurements while anesthetized with isoflurane. Two hours after recovery, dogs received 1 of 4 IM combinations in a crossover design with 1 week between treatments: hydromorphone (0.1 mg\/kg) and acepromazine (0.005 mg\/kg; HA); hydromorphone and dexmedetomidine (0.0025 mg\/kg; HD); hydromorphone, acepromazine, and dexmedetomidine (HAD); and hydromorphone, acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, and glycopyrrolate (0.02 mg\/kg; HADG). Sedation was scored after 30 minutes. Physiologic variables and cardiac index were measured after sedation, after anesthetic induction with propofol, and every 15 minutes during maintenance of anesthesia with isoflurane for 60 minutes (target expired concentration at 760 mm Hg, 1.3%).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Sedation scores were not significantly different among treatments. Mean \u00b1 SD cardiac index was significantly higher for the HA (202 \u00b1 45 mL\/min\/kg) and HADG (185 \u00b1 59 mL\/min\/kg) treatments than for the HD (88 \u00b1 31 mL\/min\/kg) and HAD (103 \u00b1 25 mL\/min\/kg) treatments after sedation and through the first 15 minutes of isoflurane anesthesia. No ventricular arrhythmias were noted with any treatment.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In healthy dogs, IM administration of HADG before propofol and isoflurane anesthesia provided acceptable cardiopulmonary function with no adverse effects. This combination should be considered for routine anesthetic premedication in healthy dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.22.06.0098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T15:59:18Z","timestamp":1660665558000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of intramuscular combinations of hydromorphone, acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, and glycopyrrolate followed by intravenous propofol and inhalant isoflurane anesthesia in healthy dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Brittany M.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel C.","family":"Hector","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marlis L.","family":"Rezende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann M.","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, College of Natural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khursheed R.","family":"Mama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"B1","series-title":"Br Vet J","first-page":"505","article-title":"Recommended techniques in small animal anaesthesia: an update","volume":"140","year":"1984","unstructured":"Dodman NH, Seeler DC, Court MH. 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