{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:52:03Z","timestamp":1787237523468,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674691200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVES<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To evaluate the effects of the chondrodystrophy-associated\n                      <jats:italic>FGF4L2<\/jats:italic>\n                      retrogene on intervertebral disc (IVD) calcification and vertebral geometry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n                    <jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      22 Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers (NSDTR) with no\n                      <jats:italic>FGF4L2<\/jats:italic>\n                      retrogene (n = 7, wild-type dogs), 1 retrogene copy (8, heterozygous dogs), or 2 retrogene copies (7, homozygous dogs).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n                    <jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Computed tomography (CT) scans of the vertebral column were analyzed using computer-aided design (CAD) software. IVD calcification, vertebral column length, and vertebral geometry of the third cervical (C3), 13th thoracic (T13), and first lumbar (L1) vertebrae were compared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      IVD calcification was not found in wild-type dogs. IVD calcification was more frequent in homozygous dogs than heterozygous (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .008) or wild-type dogs (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001) and in heterozygous dogs compared to wild-type dogs (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001). Four IVDs were subclinically herniated in 3 dogs (2 homozygous, 1 heterozygous). Calcified IVD had a greater volume and surface area in heterozygous dogs than homozygous dogs. C3 vertebral canal height-to-width ratio was greater in homozygous dogs than heterozygous dogs (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .044) and wild-type dogs\n                      <jats:italic>(P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .010).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n                    <jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      IVD calcification and vertebral geometry can be analyzed using CAD software. The presence of 1 or 2\n                      <jats:italic>FGF4L2<\/jats:italic>\n                      copies in the absence of the\n                      <jats:italic>FGF4L1<\/jats:italic>\n                      retrogene has an additive effect on the number of calcified IVD and a minor effect on vertebral geometry in NSDTR dogs. Data support the use of\n                      <jats:italic>FGF4L2<\/jats:italic>\n                      phenotyping to reduce clinical disease in segregating breeds and to monitor the introduction of wild-type alleles into fixed breed populations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.22.09.0167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T08:39:33Z","timestamp":1674203973000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["FGF4L2 retrogene copy number is associated with intervertebral disc calcification and vertebral geometry in Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"given":"Catarina A.","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis J.","family":"Marcellin-Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Dickinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya C.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Orthopedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chai-Fei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Batcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danika L.","family":"Bannasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"B1","series-title":"Genes (Basel)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10060435","article-title":"Phenotypic effects of FGF4 retrogenes on intervertebral disc disease in dogs","volume":"10","author":"Batcher K","year":"2019","unstructured":"Batcher K, Dickinson P, Giuffrida M, et al. 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