{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T12:31:52Z","timestamp":1762432312904},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To determine the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine after IM administration in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>6 healthy adult purpose-bred dogs (3 males, 3 females) with a mean \u00b1 SD body weight of 25.2 \u00b1 1.8 kg.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Each dog received 10 \u00b5g\/kg dexmedetomidine, IM. Heart rate and respiratory rate were counted via cardiac auscultation and visual assessment of chest excursions. Sedation was assessed utilizing 2 sedation scoring systems. Plasma concentrations were determined using ultra performance liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry. Plasma concentrations versus time data after IM dexmedetomidine were analyzed using noncompartmental analysis for extravascular administration.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Over the first 2 hours following IM injection of dexmedetomidine, plasma concentrations fluctuated in each dog. The geometric mean (range) maximum plasma concentration was 109.2 (22.4 to 211.5) ng\/mL occurring at 20.5 (5 to 75) minutes, and the mean half-life was 25.5 (11.5 to 41.5) minutes. Heart rate was significantly lower than baseline from 30 minutes to 2 hours postdexmedetomidine administration, and respiratory rate was significantly lower than baseline from 45 minutes to 1.75 hours. Dogs were significantly more sedated from 30 minutes to 1.5 hours postdexmedetomidine administration. Median time to onset of sedation was 7.5 minutes (range, 2 to 10 minutes), and median time to peak sedation was 30 minutes (range, 15 to 60 minutes).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Variations in plasma concentrations occurred in all dogs for the 2 hours postinjection of dexmedetomidine at 10 \u00b5g\/kg, IM. This was likely due to alterations in absorption due to dexmedetomidine-induced local vasoconstriction. Despite variable plasma concentrations, all dogs were sedated following IM dexmedetomidine administration.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.22.10.0184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T14:16:06Z","timestamp":1675347366000},"page":"1-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intramuscular dexmedetomidine in dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"given":"Turi K.","family":"Aarnes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian T.","family":"Dent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Lakritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Butch","family":"KuKanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent A.","family":"Wavreille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Lerche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina H.","family":"Ricco Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Bednarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"B1","series-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet","first-page":"892","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine","volume":"56","author":"Weerink MAS","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weerink MAS, Struys MMRF, Hannivoort LN, Barends CRM, Absalom AR, Colin P. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2017;56(8):892\u2013913."},{"issue":"10","key":"B2","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"969","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of oral transmucosal and intravenous administration of dexmedetomidine in dogs","volume":"80","author":"Dent BT","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dent BT, Aarnes TK, Wavreille VA, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of oral transmucosal and intravenous administration of dexmedetomidine in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2019;80(10):969\u2013975. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.80.10.969"},{"issue":"3","key":"B3","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"581","article-title":"Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists: defining the role in clinical anesthesia","volume":"74","author":"Maze M","year":"1991","unstructured":"Maze M, Tranquilli W. Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists: defining the role in clinical anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1991;74(3):581\u2013605. doi:10.1097\/00000542-199103000-00029"},{"issue":"5","key":"B4","series-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"537","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of intramuscular dexmedetomidine","volume":"52","author":"Scheinin H","year":"1992","unstructured":"Scheinin H, Karhuvaara S, Olkkola KT, et al. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of intramuscular dexmedetomidine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1992;52(5):537\u2013546. doi:10.1038\/clpt.1992.182"},{"issue":"2","key":"B5","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"153","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of morphine in combination with dexmedetomidine and maropitant following intramuscular injection in dogs anaesthetized with halothane","volume":"43","author":"Karna SR","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karna SR, Singh P, Chambers P, Kongara K. Pharmacokinetics of morphine in combination with dexmedetomidine and maropitant following intramuscular injection in dogs anaesthetized with halothane. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2020;43(2):153\u2013161. doi:10.1111\/jvp.12831"},{"issue":"4","key":"B6","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"392","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of a dexmedetomidine-methadone combination in dogs undergoing routine anaesthesia after buccal or intramuscular administration","volume":"42","author":"DiCesare F","year":"2019","unstructured":"DiCesare F, Gioeni D, Ravasio G, et al. Clinical pharmacokinetics of a dexmedetomidine-methadone combination in dogs undergoing routine anaesthesia after buccal or intramuscular administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2019;42(4):392\u2013400. doi:10.1111\/jvp.12771"},{"issue":"8","key":"B7","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"426","article-title":"A comparison of the sedative and analgesic properties of pethidine (meperidine) and butorphanol in dogs","volume":"52","author":"Vettorato E","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vettorato E, Bacco S. A comparison of the sedative and analgesic properties of pethidine (meperidine) and butorphanol in dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 2011;52(8):426\u2013432. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2011.01085.x"},{"issue":"9","key":"B8","series-title":"J Small Anim Pract","first-page":"474","article-title":"Subcutaneous pre-anesthetic medication with acepromazine-buprenorphine is effective as and less painful than the intramuscular route","volume":"50","author":"Gurney M","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gurney M, Cripps P, Mosing M. Subcutaneous pre-anesthetic medication with acepromazine-buprenorphine is effective as and less painful than the intramuscular route. J Small Anim Pract. 2009;50(9):474\u2013477. doi:10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00786.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"B9","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"813","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics and hemodynamic effects of intravenous and intramuscular dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in adult human volunteers","volume":"78","author":"Dyck JB","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dyck JB, Maze M, Haack C, Vuorilehto L, Shafer SL. The pharmacokinetics and hemodynamic effects of intravenous and intramuscular dexmedetomidine hydrochloride in adult human volunteers. Anesthesiology. 1993;78(5):813\u2013820. doi:10.1097\/00000542-199305000-00002"},{"issue":"6","key":"B10","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"572","article-title":"Comparison of the sedative effects of intranasal or intramuscular dexmedetomidine at low doses in healthy dogs: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"49","author":"L\u00f3pez-Ramis V","year":"2022","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Ramis V, Canfr\u00e1n S, G\u00f3mez de Segura I. Comparison of the sedative effects of intranasal or intramuscular dexmedetomidine at low doses in healthy dogs: a randomized clinical trial. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2022;49(6):572\u2013579. doi:10.1016\/j.vaa.2022.08.003"},{"issue":"1","key":"B11","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"90","article-title":"Sedative and antinociceptive effects of dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine after oral transmucosal or intramuscular administration in cats","volume":"41","author":"Porters N","year":"2014","unstructured":"Porters N, Bosmans T, Debille M, de Rooster H, Duchateau L, Polis I. Sedative and antinociceptive effects of dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine after oral transmucosal or intramuscular administration in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2014;41(1):90\u201396. doi:10.1111\/vaa.12076"},{"issue":"2","key":"B12","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Therap","first-page":"203","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of oral transmucosal and intramuscular dexmedetomidine combined with buprenorphine in cats","volume":"38","author":"Porters N","year":"2014","unstructured":"Porters N, De Rooster H, Bosmans T, et al. Pharmacokinetics of oral transmucosal and intramuscular dexmedetomidine combined with buprenorphine in cats. J Vet Pharmacol Therap. 2014;38(2):203\u2013308."},{"issue":"4","key":"B13","series-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg","first-page":"823","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine, MK-467 and their combination following intramuscular administration in male cats","volume":"44","author":"Pypendop BH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pypendop BH, Honkavaara J, Ilkiw JF. Pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine, MK-467 and their combination following intramuscular administration in male cats. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2017;44(4):823\u2013831. doi:10.1016\/j.vaa.2017.02.008"},{"issue":"24","key":"B14","series-title":"Vet Med Sci","first-page":"187","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic profile and partitioning of red blood cells of romifidine after single intravenous administration in the horse","volume":"3","author":"Romagnoli N","year":"2017","unstructured":"Romagnoli N, Al-Qudah KM, Armorini S, et al. Pharmacokinetic profile and partitioning of red blood cells of romifidine after single intravenous administration in the horse. Vet Med Sci. 2017;3(24):187\u2013197. doi:10.1002\/vms3.70"},{"issue":"1","key":"B15","series-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"65","article-title":"Single-dose pharmacokinetics of detomidine in the horse and cow","volume":"12","author":"Salonen JS","year":"1989","unstructured":"Salonen JS, V\u00e4h\u00e4-Vahe T, Vainio O, Vakkuri O. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of detomidine in the horse and cow. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 1989;12(1):65\u201372."},{"issue":"2","key":"B16","series-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med","first-page":"133","article-title":"Locally injected dexmedetomidine induces vasoconstriction via peripheral \u03b1-2A adrenoceptor subtype in Guinea pigs","volume":"39","author":"Yabuki A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yabuki A, Higuchi H, Yoshitomi T, et al. Locally injected dexmedetomidine induces vasoconstriction via peripheral \u03b1-2A adrenoceptor subtype in Guinea pigs. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2014;39(2):133\u2013136. doi:10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000048"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/aop\/ajvr.22.10.0184\/ajvr.22.10.0184.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/aop\/ajvr.22.10.0184\/ajvr.22.10.0184.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/aop\/ajvr.22.10.0184\/ajvr.22.10.0184.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T14:16:06Z","timestamp":1675347366000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/aop\/ajvr.22.10.0184\/ajvr.22.10.0184.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"references-count":16,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.22.10.0184","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]}}}