{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T17:36:57Z","timestamp":1768585017188,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674518400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To use proteomic analysis to identify qualitatively and quantitatively mammalian protein components of commercial veterinary vaccines against canine distemper, leptospirosis, borreliosis, and rabies.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>SAMPLE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>25 licensed veterinary vaccines (from 4 different manufacturers) against canine distemper and leptospirosis, borreliosis, and rabies (3-year and 1-year durations of immunity).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Duplicate samples from a single-lot vial of each vaccine were prepared by acetone precipitation and proteolysis with trypsin and Lys-C protease mix. Peptides mixtures (1 \u03bcg) were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using an Orbitrap Fusion Lumos mass spectrometer. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy data were searched against a <jats:italic>Bos taurus<\/jats:italic> protein database using MaxQuant to identify and quantify mammalian proteins in the vaccines. Identified proteins were classified by function and network analysis to visualize interactions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The largest number of mammalian proteins was identified in 3-year rabies vaccines (median, 243 proteins; range, 184 to 339 proteins) and 1-year rabies vaccines (median, 193 proteins; range, 169 to 350 proteins). <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> and leptospirosis-distemper (L&amp;D) vaccines had the lowest number of proteins. Rabies vaccines had the highest number of identified proteins in common (n = 316); 33 were unique to 1-year products and 44 were found in 3-year products. <jats:italic>Borrelia<\/jats:italic> and L&amp;D vaccines had 16 and 22 uniquely identified proteins, respectively. The protein classifications were primarily modulators of protein-binding activity, enzymes, transfer-carrier proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, defense-immunity proteins, calcium-binding proteins, and extracellular matrix proteins.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study demonstrates proteomics application to evaluate quality differences among different vaccines, identifying potential stimulants of desirable and undesirable immune responses.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.22.11.0192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T18:20:55Z","timestamp":1674152455000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Proteomic analysis of canine vaccines"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"given":"Jackeline","family":"Franco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907"},{"name":"Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uma K.","family":"Aryal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907"},{"name":"Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harm","family":"HogenEsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George E.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"B1","series-title":"Proteomics Clin Appl","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201500054","article-title":"Proteomic contributions to our understanding of vaccine and immune responses","volume":"9","author":"Galassie AC","year":"2015","unstructured":"Galassie AC, Link AJ. 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