{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:36:40Z","timestamp":1788568600993,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To determine the pharmacokinetics of 8 cannabinoids and 5 metabolites after oral administration of single and multiple doses of a cannabidiol (CBD)-cannabidiolic acid (CBDA)\u2013rich hemp extract to orange-winged Amazon parrots (<jats:italic>Amazona amazonica<\/jats:italic>) as well as to evaluate the extract\u2019s adverse effects.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>12 birds.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Based on pilot studies, a single-dose study based on 30\/32.5 mg\/kg of cannabidiol\/cannabidiolic acid of a hemp extract was administered orally to 8 fasted parrots, and 10 blood samples were collected over 24 hours after administration. After a 4-week washout period, the hemp extract was administered orally to 7 birds at the previous dose every 12 hours for 7 days, and blood samples were collected at the previous time points. Cannabidiol, \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, cannabichromene, cannabigerol, cannabidiolic acid, cannabigerolic acid, \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, and 5 specific metabolites were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem\/mass-spectrometry, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. Adverse effects and changes in the plasma biochemistry and lipid panels were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Pharmacokinetic parameters for cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid, \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol, \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, and the metabolite 11-hydroxy-9-tetrahydrocannabinol were established. For the multiple-dose study, cannabidiol\/cannabidiolic acid mean C<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> was 337.4\/602.1 ng\/mL with a t<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> of 30 minutes and a terminal half-life of 8.6\/6.29 hours, respectively. No adverse effects were detected during the multidose study. The predominant metabolite was 11-hydroxy-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Twice daily oral administration of the hemp extract based on 30 mg\/kg\/32.5 mg\/kg of cannabidiol\/cannabidiolic acid was well tolerated and maintained plasma concentrations considered to be therapeutic in dogs with osteoarthritis. Findings suggest different cannabinoid metabolism from mammals.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.22.11.0197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T13:24:17Z","timestamp":1676553857000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Twice-daily oral administration of a cannabidiol and cannabidiolic acid\u2013rich hemp extract was well tolerated in orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica) and has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"given":"Mariana","family":"Sosa-Higareda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"William T. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Sanchez-Migallon","family":"Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Knych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Lyubimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology Research Laboratory, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Zakharov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology Research Laboratory, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology Research Laboratory, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugues","family":"Beaufr\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"B1","series-title":"iScience","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors: the story so far","volume":"23","author":"Shahbazi F","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shahbazi F, Grandi V, Banerjee A, Trant JF. 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