{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,24]],"date-time":"2023-02-24T05:18:04Z","timestamp":1677215884205},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677456000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p content-type=\"noindent\">To determine the pharmacokinetics of a single bolus of intravenous (IV) propofol after intramuscular administration of etorphine, butorphanol, medetomidine, and azaperone in 5 southern white rhinoceros to facilitate reproductive evaluations. A specific consideration was whether propofol would facilitate timely orotracheal intubation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p content-type=\"noindent\">5 adult, female, zoo-maintained southern white rhinoceros.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p content-type=\"noindent\">Rhinoceros were administered etorphine (0.002 mg\/kg), butorphanol (0.02 to 0.026 mg\/kg), medetomidine (0.023 to 0.025 mg\/kg), and azaperone (0.014 to 0.017 mg\/kg) intramuscularly (IM) prior to an IV dose of propofol (0.5 mg\/kg). Physiologic parameters (heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and capnography), timed parameters (eg, time to initial effects and intubation), and quality of induction and intubation were recorded following drug administration. Venous blood was collected for analysis of plasma propofol concentrations using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry at various time points after propofol administration.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p content-type=\"noindent\">All animals were approachable following IM drug administration, and orotracheal intubation was achieved at 9.8 \u00b1 2.0 minutes (mean \u00b1SD) following propofol administration. The mean clearance for propofol was 14.2 \u00b1 7.7 ml\/min\/kg, the mean terminal half-life was 82.4 \u00b1 74.4 minutes, and the maximum concentration occurred at 2.8 \u00b1 2.9 minutes. Two of 5 rhinoceros experienced apnea after propofol administration. Initial hypertension, which improved without intervention, was observed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p content-type=\"noindent\">This study provides pharmacokinetic data and insight into the effects of propofol in rhinoceros anesthetized using etorphine, butorphanol, medetomidine, and azaperone. While apnea was observed in 2 rhinoceros, propofol administration allowed for rapid control of the airway and facilitated oxygen administration and ventilatory support.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.22.12.0224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T13:32:05Z","timestamp":1677159125000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of intravenous propofol in southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) after intramuscular etorphine-butorphanol-medetomidine-azaperone"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"given":"Erin R.","family":"Berlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, Escondido, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew E.","family":"Kinney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, Escondido, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren L.","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, Escondido, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn L.","family":"Perrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, Escondido, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristen A.","family":"Phair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, Escondido, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meredith M.","family":"Clancy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, Escondido, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel L.","family":"Ferris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, San Diego Zoo Safari Park, Escondido, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather K.","family":"Knych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khursheed R.","family":"Mama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"B1","series-title":"Mamm Rev","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assisted reproductive technologies in captive rhinoceroses","volume":"49","author":"Pennington PM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pennington PM, Durrant BS. Assisted reproductive technologies in captive rhinoceroses. 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