{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T01:43:25Z","timestamp":1781747005637,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687824000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The objective of this study was to determine bacterial flora throughout the gastrointestinal tract of a saltwater crocodile (<jats:italic>Crocodylus porosus<\/jats:italic>) using 16S rRNA gene analysis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A convention on international trade in endangered species (CITES) of wild fauna and flora registered crocodile farm, provided a healthy male saltwater crocodile, <jats:italic>Crocodylus porosus<\/jats:italic> for this study.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>PROCEDURES<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Three samples were taken from the oral cavity, 3 samples from the proximal region of the small intestine (jejunum), and 3 samples from the distal part of the large intestine of the gastrointestinal tract of <jats:italic>C. porosus<\/jats:italic> were obtained using sterile cotton swabs. Next, swabs were placed in 15 mL sterile centrifuge tubes, individually, and kept on ice for immediate transportation to the laboratory. This was followed by 16S rRNA gene analysis using specific primers (341F-CCTAYGGGRBGCASCAG, and 806R-GGACTACNNGGGTATCTAAT). Amplicons were sequenced on Illumina paired-end platform, and bacterial gastrointestinal communities, the relative abundance of taxa, and principal component and coordinate analysis were performed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The findings revealed that bacterial community structures from differing regions exhibited several differences. The number of observed bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was 153 in the oral cavity, 239 in the small intestine, and 119 in the large intestine of <jats:italic>C. porosus<\/jats:italic>. The small intestine reflects the highest richness. In contrast, the large intestine exhibited the least richness of microbial communities. Relative abundance of taxa showed that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes were dominant in all 3 sample sites. <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic> differed in the oral cavity and the large intestine, with the latter exhibiting less distribution of <jats:italic>Pseudomonas. Stenotrophomonas<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Castellaniella<\/jats:italic> were higher in the oral cavity, while the relative abundance of <jats:italic>Comamonas<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> was higher in the small intestine. Conversely, the relative abundance of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pannonibacter<\/jats:italic> was augmented in the large intestine.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>For the first time, this study demonstrates the bacterial diversity along the segments of the gastrointestinal tract of <jats:italic>C. porosus<\/jats:italic>. Bacterial flora varies throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Although further studies using large cohorts are warranted; however, our findings suggest that microbiome composition may have the potential as a biomarker in determining the overall health and well-being of <jats:italic>C. porosus<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.23.03.0061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T13:39:38Z","timestamp":1687527578000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Bacterial flora varies throughout the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) gastrointestinal tract"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"given":"Ruqaiyyah","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Arts and Sciences, American University of Sharjah, University City, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sutherland K.","family":"Maciver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tengku Shahrul","family":"Anuar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medical Laboratory Technology Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveed Ahmed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Exp Parasitol","first-page":"194","article-title":"Crocodiles and alligators: antiamoebic and antitumor compounds of crocodiles","volume":"183","author":"Siddiqui R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Siddiqui R, Jeyamogan S, Ali SM, Abbas F, Sagathevan K, Khan NA. 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