{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:04:23Z","timestamp":1791475463682,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692576000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Compare erythropoiesis-related factors between different stages of canine chronic kidney disease (CKD).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>8 healthy adult dogs (controls), and 24 dogs with CKD, equally divided into 3 groups based on International Renal Interest Society-CKD Guidelines (stage 2, 3, and 4) were recruited between December 2012 and December 2014.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The following were assessed in all dogs and then compared between groups: bone marrow cytology, CBC, reticulocyte count, urinalysis, serum biochemistry, blood pressure, occult gastrointestinal bleeding, and serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone (PTH), erythropoietin, interleukin-1\u03b2, interleukin-3, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF\u03b1), and interferon-\u03b3.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Erythropoiesis inducing and suppressing factors and the results of the bone marrow cytology of dogs in stage 2 CKD did not differ from the control group. The presence of reticulocytosis in CKD stage 2 suggests that blood loss or erythrocyte destruction might be contributing to developing anemia. Anemia in dogs with progressive CKD was associated with increasing PTH and TNF\u03b1 and with elevation of the ratio of myeloid to erythroid precursor cells caused by hypoplasia of the erythroid series. The latter was represented mainly by a decrease in the population of polychromatophilic rubricytes and metarubricytes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Increased PTH and TNF\u03b1 seem to contribute to the reduced percentage of polychromatophilic rubricytes and erythroid population, thereby aggravating the anemia of dogs with advanced CKD. Gastrointestinal blood loss contributes to anemia in all canine CKD stages.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.23.05.0097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T13:07:49Z","timestamp":1692191269000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Anemia in canine chronic kidney disease is multifactorial and associated with decreased erythroid precursor cells, gastrointestinal bleeding, and systemic inflammation"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"given":"Sofia","family":"Borin-Crivellenti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Veterinary Science (PPGCV)\/College of Veterinary Medicine (FAMEV), Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU), Uberl\u00e2ndia, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandro Z.","family":"Crivellenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Veterinary Science (PPGCV)\/College of Veterinary Medicine (FAMEV), Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU), Uberl\u00e2ndia, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Gilor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shir","family":"Gilor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela G.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suellen R.","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula B.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Veterinary Science (PPGCV)\/College of Veterinary Medicine (FAMEV), Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU), Uberl\u00e2ndia, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alef W. O.","family":"Alvarenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Veterinary Science (PPGCV)\/College of Veterinary Medicine (FAMEV), Universidade Federal de Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU), Uberl\u00e2ndia, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 L. 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