{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:36:11Z","timestamp":1792445771396,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689638400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To describe dogs with detected <jats:italic>Ancylostoma caninum<\/jats:italic> anthelmintic treatment resistance markers in Canada.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>11 client-owned dogs with fecal quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay detected <jats:italic>A caninum<\/jats:italic> with benzimidazole (BZ) resistance genotypic markers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Signalment, presenting concern, duration of clinical signs, fecal testing, treatment, and outcomes were obtained. Where available, follow-up data were collected via telephone or email with the primary veterinarian.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Ancylostoma<\/jats:italic> spp was detected from 184\/32,205 dog fecal samples by reference laboratory qPCR surveillance, between May 15, 2022, and April 26, 2023. 11 of these 184 samples had <jats:italic>A caninum<\/jats:italic> with genetic BZ F167Y resistance marker detection. 4 dogs had not traveled outside Canada, 6 had been imported from the US, and the travel history was unclear in 1 dog.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>7 of the dogs had gastro-intestinal signs (diarrhea or soft stool) on initial presentation. Clinical improvement was reported in 6 of these dogs (resolution of diarrhea and soft stool), with 1 dog lost to follow-up. All 11 dogs received anthelmintic treatment (varied drugs and duration).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Identification of genetic markers of BZ resistance raises concerns about the potential animal and human impacts of resistant hookworms. 4 dogs lacked an origin from or travel history to the US, indicating true emergence and\/or novel spread within Canada, not just importation from an area where resistance has been reported. Fecal surveillance was performed with a qPCR test incorporating treatment (BZ) resistance markers. There is a need to raise clinician awareness around treatment-resistant hookworm in dogs and the capability of fecal surveillance for genotypic and phenotypic resistance.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.23.05.0116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T12:25:38Z","timestamp":1689251138000},"page":"1-6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Emergence of canine hookworm treatment resistance: Novel detection of Ancylostoma caninum anthelmintic resistance markers by fecal PCR in 11 dogs from Canada"],"prefix":"10.2460","author":[{"given":"Michelle D.","family":"Evason","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARS Pet Care\/Antech Diagnostics, Education, Research and Development, Fountain Valley, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Scott","family":"Weese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Polansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARS Pet Care\/Antech Diagnostics, Education, Research and Development, Fountain Valley, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian M.","family":"Leutenegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARS Pet Care\/Antech Diagnostics, Education, Research and Development, Fountain Valley, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"B1","series-title":"Vet. Parasitol","first-page":"144","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasites in pet dogs in the United States","volume":"166","author":"Little SE","year":"2009","unstructured":"Little SE, Johnson EM, Lewis D, et al. Prevalence of intestinal parasites in pet dogs in the United States. Vet. Parasitol. 2009;166(1\u20132):144\u2013152. doi:10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.07.044"},{"issue":"12","key":"B2","series-title":"Parasit Vect","first-page":"430","article-title":"Seasonality and changing prevalence of common canine gastrointestinal nematodes in the USA","volume":"5","author":"Drake J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Drake J, Carey T. Seasonality and changing prevalence of common canine gastrointestinal nematodes in the USA. Parasit Vect. 2019;5(12):430."},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"281","article-title":"Parasite prevalence in fecal samples from shelter dogs and cats across the Canadian provinces","volume":"8","author":"Villeneuve A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Villeneuve A, Polley L, Jenkins E, et al. Parasite prevalence in fecal samples from shelter dogs and cats across the Canadian provinces. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:281."},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Intestinal Parasite Guidelines","unstructured":"Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC). Intestinal Parasite Guidelines. Accessed May 2023. https:\/\/capcvet.org\/guidelines\/"},{"key":"B5","article-title":"Guidelines for the Management of Parasites in Dogs and Cats","year":"2019","unstructured":"Canadian Parasitology Expert Panel (CPEP). Guidelines for the Management of Parasites in Dogs and Cats; 2019. Accessed May 2023. https:\/\/research-groups.usask.ca\/cpep\/index.php#Protocol"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Worm Control in Dogs and Cats","unstructured":"European Scientific Council of Companion Animal Parasites (ESCCAP). Worm Control in Dogs and Cats. Accessed May 2023. https:\/\/www.esccap.org"},{"issue":"1","key":"B7","series-title":"Parasit Vect","first-page":"576","article-title":"Multiple drug resistance in the canine hookworm Ancylostoma caninum: an emerging threat?","volume":"9","author":"Castro J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Castro J, Howell SB, Schaefer JJ, et al. Multiple drug resistance in the canine hookworm Ancylostoma caninum: an emerging threat? Parasit Vect. 2019;9(1):576."},{"key":"B8","series-title":"Clinician\u2019s Brief","first-page":"61","article-title":"Persistent or suspected-resistant hookworm infections","volume":"August","author":"Castro J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Castro J, Kaplan RM. Persistent or suspected-resistant hookworm infections. Clinician\u2019s Brief. 2020;August:61\u201368."},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist","first-page":"107","article-title":"Multiple drug resistance in hookworms infecting greyhound dogs in the USA","volume":"17","author":"Castro J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Castro J, Venkatesan A, Redman E, et al. Multiple drug resistance in hookworms infecting greyhound dogs in the USA. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist. 2021;17:107\u2013117. doi:10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2021.08.005"},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist","first-page":"22","article-title":"Efficacy evaluation of anthelmintic products against an infection with the canine hookworm (Ancylostoma caninum) isolate Worthy 4.1F3P in dogs","volume":"13","author":"Castro J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Castro J, Mansour A, Charles S, et al. Efficacy evaluation of anthelmintic products against an infection with the canine hookworm (Ancylostoma caninum) isolate Worthy 4.1F3P in dogs. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist. 2020;13:22\u201327. doi:10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2020.04.003"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"B11","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"284","article-title":"Application of in vitro anthelmintic sensitivity assays to canine parasitology: detecting resistance to pyrantel in Ancylostoma caninum","volume":"152","author":"Kopp SR","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kopp SR, Coleman GT, McCarthy JS, et al. Application of in vitro anthelmintic sensitivity assays to canine parasitology: detecting resistance to pyrantel in Ancylostoma caninum. Vet Parasitol. 2008;152(3\u20134):284\u2013293. doi:10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.12.020"},{"issue":"3","key":"B12","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multiple anthelmintic drug resistance in hookworms (Ancyclostoma caninum) in a Labrador breeding and training kennel in Georgia, USA","volume":"261","author":"Castro J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Castro J, Durrence K, Durrence S, et al. Multiple anthelmintic drug resistance in hookworms (Ancyclostoma caninum) in a Labrador breeding and training kennel in Georgia, USA. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2022;261(3):1\u20136. doi:10.2460\/javma.22.08.0377"},{"key":"B13","article-title":"AAVP Forms Hookworm Task Force","year":"2021","unstructured":"American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists (AAVP) Hookworm Task Force. AAVP Forms Hookworm Task Force; 2021. Accessed May 2023. https:\/\/www.aavp.org\/aavp-forms-hookworm-task-force\/"},{"key":"B14","series-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist","first-page":"131","article-title":"Emergence of Ancylostoma caninum parasites with the benzimidazole resistance F167Y polymorphism in the US dog population","volume":"14","author":"Leutenegger CM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leutenegger CM, Lozoya CE, Tereski J, et al. Emergence of Ancylostoma caninum parasites with the benzimidazole resistance F167Y polymorphism in the US dog population. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist. 2023;14:131\u2013140. doi:10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2023.01.001"},{"issue":"3","key":"B15","series-title":"PLoS Pathog","first-page":"1","article-title":"Molecular evidence of widespread benzimidazole drug resistance in Ancylostoma caninum from domestic dogs throughout the USA and discovery of a novel isotype-1 \u03b2-tubulin benzimidazole resistance mutation","volume":"19","author":"Venkatesan A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Venkatesan A, Castro J, Morosetti A, et al. Molecular evidence of widespread benzimidazole drug resistance in Ancylostoma caninum from domestic dogs throughout the USA and discovery of a novel isotype-1 \u03b2-tubulin benzimidazole resistance mutation. PLoS Pathog. 2023;19(3):1\u20132. doi:10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011146"},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"1185","article-title":"Ancylostoma caninum infection in a Texas-born Blue Lacy dog \u2014 Alberta","volume":"48","author":"Wojnarowicz C","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wojnarowicz C, Smith K. Ancylostoma caninum infection in a Texas-born Blue Lacy dog \u2014 Alberta. Can Vet J. 2007;48:1185\u20131186."},{"key":"B17","series-title":"Can Vet J","first-page":"372","article-title":"The canine hookworm Ancylostoma caninum: a novel threat for anthelmintic resistance in Canada","volume":"64","author":"Nezami R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nezami R, Blanchard J, Godoy P. The canine hookworm Ancylostoma caninum: a novel threat for anthelmintic resistance in Canada. Can Vet J. 2023;64:372\u2013378."},{"key":"B18","series-title":"Vet Parasitol","first-page":"313","article-title":"First identification of the F200Y SNP in the b-tubulin gene linked to benzimidazole resistance in Ancylostoma caninum","volume":"206","author":"Furtado LFV","year":"2014","unstructured":"Furtado LFV, de Paiva Bello ACP, dos Santos HA, et al. First identification of the F200Y SNP in the b-tubulin gene linked to benzimidazole resistance in Ancylostoma caninum. Vet Parasitol. 2014;206:313\u2013316. doi:10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.10.021"},{"key":"B19","series-title":"Res J Parasitol","first-page":"20","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro efficacy of Albendazole against canine ancylostomosis: a possible presence of anthelmintic resistance in Nigerian local breed of dogs","volume":"11","author":"Idika IK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Idika IK, Ezeudu TA, Eze UU, et al. In vivo and in vitro efficacy of Albendazole against canine ancylostomosis: a possible presence of anthelmintic resistance in Nigerian local breed of dogs. Res J Parasitol. 2016;11:20\u201326. doi:10.3923\/jp.2016.20.26"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/aop\/ajvr.23.05.0116\/ajvr.23.05.0116.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/aop\/ajvr.23.05.0116\/ajvr.23.05.0116.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/aop\/ajvr.23.05.0116\/ajvr.23.05.0116.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,13]],"date-time":"2023-07-13T12:25:38Z","timestamp":1689251138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/aop\/ajvr.23.05.0116\/ajvr.23.05.0116.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]]},"references-count":19,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.23.05.0116","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]]}}}