{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T13:14:18Z","timestamp":1778850858519,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To describe the acquisition and pitfalls of a 3-view transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) protocol in anesthetized, dorsally recumbent dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>8 beagles, 1 to 2 years old, 7.4 to 11.2 kg.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Dogs were anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, and placed in dorsal recumbency. A TEE probe was advanced, and 3 views were performed: midesophageal 4-chamber and long axis (ME 4C and ME LAX) and caudal esophageal short axis (CE SAX) at the level of the papillary muscles. Probe insertion depth, flexion, omniplane angle, and image acquisition time were recorded. Two observers assessed 24 video clips each and identified anatomical structures.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The ME 4C and ME LAX were obtained at 35 (30 to 40) cm insertion depth, omniplane at 0\u00b0 and 103\u00b0 (90 to 116), respectively. Views were obtained in \u226430 seconds once the TEE was in the cervical esophagus. Left-sided structures were identified in all cases, whereas right-sided structures were not always simultaneously obtained in the ME 4C, requiring further probe manipulation. All structures were identified on ME LAX. CE SAX was obtained at 40 (35 to 45) cm, omniplane at 0\u00b0, and in 15 (10 to 90) seconds. A true SAX view (circular left ventricle at the level of papillary muscles) could not be obtained in all dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A 3-view TEE protocol using core views as those described in humans may be applicable to dogs under general anesthesia and in dorsal recumbency. The CE SAX view at the level of the papillary muscles appears more difficult to obtain with consistency than midesophageal views.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.23.07.0176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T13:22:17Z","timestamp":1701350537000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A proposed rescue transesophageal echocardiographic protocol for anesthetized dogs"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Manuel","family":"Martin-Flores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheyenne J.","family":"Cannarozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joaquin D.","family":"Araos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew P.","family":"Notarianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Cardiothoracic Division, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Teran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Rishniw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Information Network, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Campoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin D.","family":"Gleed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"e37","article-title":"Development of a rescue echocardiography protocol for noncardiac surgery patients","volume":"129","author":"Staudt GE","year":"2019","unstructured":"Staudt GE, Shelton K. Development of a rescue echocardiography protocol for noncardiac surgery patients. Anesth Analg. 2019;129:e37\u2013e40. doi:10.1213\/ANE.0000000000003569"},{"key":"B2","series-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth","first-page":"362","article-title":"Use of rapid \"rescue\" perioperative echocardiography to improve outcomes after hemodynamic instability in noncardiac surgical patients","volume":"26","author":"Shillcutt SK","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shillcutt SK, Markin NW, Montzingo CR, et al. Use of rapid \"rescue\" perioperative echocardiography to improve outcomes after hemodynamic instability in noncardiac surgical patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2012;26:362\u2013370. doi:10.1053\/j.jvca.2011.09.029"},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Anaesthesia","first-page":"3","article-title":"Therapeutic impact of intra-operative transoesophageal echocardiography during noncardiac surgery","volume":"59","author":"Hofer CK","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hofer CK, Zollinger A, Rak M, et al. Therapeutic impact of intra-operative transoesophageal echocardiography during noncardiac surgery. Anaesthesia. 2004;59:3\u20139. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2004.03459.x"},{"key":"B4","series-title":"Can J Anaesth","first-page":"381","article-title":"Perioperative transesophageal echocardiography for non-cardiac surgery","volume":"65","author":"Fayad A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fayad A, Shillcutt SK. Perioperative transesophageal echocardiography for non-cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth. 2018;65:381\u2013398. doi:10.1007\/s12630-017-1017-7"},{"key":"B5","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"21","article-title":"Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transesophageal echocardiographic examination: recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists","volume":"118","author":"Hahn RT","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hahn RT, Abraham T, Adams MS, et al. Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transesophageal echocardiographic examination: recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. Anesth Analg. 2014;118:21\u201368. doi:10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000016"},{"key":"B6","series-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth","first-page":"584","article-title":"Rescue transesophageal echocardiography: a narrative review of current knowledge and practice","volume":"37","author":"Efrimescu CI","year":"2023","unstructured":"Efrimescu CI, Moorthy A, Griffin M. Rescue transesophageal echocardiography: a narrative review of current knowledge and practice. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2023;37:584\u2013600. doi:10.1053\/j.jvca.2022.12.031"},{"key":"B7","series-title":"Int J Cardiol","first-page":"209","article-title":"Visually estimated left ventricular ejection fraction by echocardiography is closely correlated with formal quantitative methods","volume":"101","author":"Gudmundsson P","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gudmundsson P, Rydberg E, Winter R, et al. Visually estimated left ventricular ejection fraction by echocardiography is closely correlated with formal quantitative methods. Int J Cardiol. 2005;101:209\u2013212. doi:10.1016\/j.ijcard.2004.03.027"},{"key":"B8","series-title":"Cardiovasc Ultrasound","first-page":"41","article-title":"Visually estimated ejection fraction by two dimensional and triplane echocardiography is closely correlated with quantitative ejection fraction by real-time three dimensional echocardiography","volume":"7","author":"Shahgaldi K","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shahgaldi K, Gudmundsson P, Manouras A, et al. Visually estimated ejection fraction by two dimensional and triplane echocardiography is closely correlated with quantitative ejection fraction by real-time three dimensional echocardiography. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2009;7:41. doi:10.1186\/1476-7120-7-41"},{"key":"B9","series-title":"Rev Bras Anestesiol","first-page":"513","article-title":"Utility of transesophageal echocardiography during severe hypotension in non-cardiac surgery","volume":"60","author":"Schulmeyer C","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schulmeyer C, Far\u00edas J, Rajdl E, et al. Utility of transesophageal echocardiography during severe hypotension in non-cardiac surgery. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2010;60:513\u2013521. doi:10.1016\/S0034-7094(10)70062-3"},{"key":"B10","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"351","article-title":"The use of transesophageal echocardiography for preload assessment in critically ill patients","volume":"90","author":"Tousignant CP","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tousignant CP, Walsh F, Mazer CD. The use of transesophageal echocardiography for preload assessment in critically ill patients. Anesth Analg. 2000;90:351\u2013355. doi:10.1213\/00000539-200002000-00021"},{"key":"B11","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"212","article-title":"Biplane transesophageal echocardiography in the dog: technique, anatomy and imaging planes","volume":"36","author":"Loyer C","year":"1995","unstructured":"Loyer C, Thomas WP. Biplane transesophageal echocardiography in the dog: technique, anatomy and imaging planes. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 1995;36:212\u2013226. doi:10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1995.tb00250.x"},{"key":"B12","series-title":"Vet J","first-page":"329","article-title":"Transoesophageal echocardiography in the dog","volume":"198","author":"Domenech O","year":"2013","unstructured":"Domenech O, Oliveira P. Transoesophageal echocardiography in the dog. Vet J. 2013;198:329\u2013338. doi:10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.08.014"},{"key":"B13","series-title":"J Vet Med Sci","first-page":"380","article-title":"Effects of postural change on transesophageal echocardiography views and parameters in healthy dogs","volume":"79","author":"Goya S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goya S, Wada T, Shimada K, et al. Effects of postural change on transesophageal echocardiography views and parameters in healthy dogs. J Vet Med Sci. 2017;79:380\u2013386. doi:10.1292\/jvms.16-0323"},{"issue":"11","key":"B14","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1","article-title":"Phenylephrine and norepinephrine increase blood pressure through opposing physiologic mechanisms in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs receiving acepromazine","volume":"84","author":"Cannarozzo CJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cannarozzo CJ, Araos J, Martin-Flores M. Phenylephrine and norepinephrine increase blood pressure through opposing physiologic mechanisms in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs receiving acepromazine. Am J Vet Res. 2023;84(11):1\u20137. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.23.06.0147"},{"key":"B15","series-title":"Canine Practice","first-page":"10","article-title":"Development and validation of a body condition score system for dogs","volume":"22","author":"Laflamme D","year":"1997","unstructured":"Laflamme D. Development and validation of a body condition score system for dogs. Canine Practice. 1997;22:10\u201315."},{"key":"B16","series-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr","first-page":"443","article-title":"Basic perioperative transesophageal echocardiography examination: a consensus statement of the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists","volume":"26","author":"Reeves ST","year":"2013","unstructured":"Reeves ST, Finley AC, Skubas NJ, et al. Basic perioperative transesophageal echocardiography examination: a consensus statement of the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2013;26:443\u2013456. doi:10.1016\/j.echo.2013.02.015"},{"key":"B17","series-title":"BMC Vet Res","first-page":"325","article-title":"Clinical monitoring of cardiac output assessed by transoesophageal echocardiography in anaesthetised dogs: a comparison with the thermodilution technique","volume":"13","author":"Mantovani MM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mantovani MM, Fantoni DT, Gimenes AM, et al. Clinical monitoring of cardiac output assessed by transoesophageal echocardiography in anaesthetised dogs: a comparison with the thermodilution technique. BMC Vet Res. 2017;13:325. doi:10.1186\/s12917-017-1227-9"},{"issue":"8","key":"B18","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"1","article-title":"Agreement of cardiac output measurements by esophageal Doppler and transesophageal echocardiography with intermittent pulmonary artery thermodilution during pharmacologic manipulation of hemodynamics in anesthetized dogs","volume":"84","author":"Paranjape VV","year":"2023","unstructured":"Paranjape VV, Pereira FLG, Menciotti G, et al. Agreement of cardiac output measurements by esophageal Doppler and transesophageal echocardiography with intermittent pulmonary artery thermodilution during pharmacologic manipulation of hemodynamics in anesthetized dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2023;84(8):1\u201311. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.23.05.0101"},{"key":"B19","series-title":"Cardiol Clin","first-page":"711","article-title":"Transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) evaluation of the aortic valve, left ventricular outflow tract, and pulmonic valve","volume":"18","author":"Shively BK","year":"2000","unstructured":"Shively BK. Transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) evaluation of the aortic valve, left ventricular outflow tract, and pulmonic valve. Cardiol Clin. 2000;18:711\u2013729. doi:10.1016\/S0733-8651(05)70176-4"},{"key":"B20","series-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr","first-page":"1144","article-title":"Hypotension during dobutamine stress transesophageal echocardiography: relationship with provoked left ventricular obstruction","volume":"19","author":"Siddiqui TS","year":"2006","unstructured":"Siddiqui TS, Dawn B, Stoddard MF. Hypotension during dobutamine stress transesophageal echocardiography: relationship with provoked left ventricular obstruction. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2006;19:1144\u20131149. doi:10.1016\/j.echo.2006.04.018"},{"key":"B21","series-title":"Am J Vet Res","first-page":"369","article-title":"Usefulness of focused cardiac ultrasonography for predicting fluid responsiveness in conscious, spontaneously breathing dogs","volume":"80","author":"Oricco S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oricco S, Rabozzi R, Meneghini C, et al. Usefulness of focused cardiac ultrasonography for predicting fluid responsiveness in conscious, spontaneously breathing dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2019;80:369\u2013377. doi:10.2460\/ajvr.80.4.369"},{"key":"B22","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio)","first-page":"22","article-title":"Echocardiographic indicators of fluid responsiveness in hospitalized dogs with compromised hemodynamics and tissue hypoperfusion","volume":"33","author":"Donati PA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Donati PA, Villalta C, Lisa T, et al. Echocardiographic indicators of fluid responsiveness in hospitalized dogs with compromised hemodynamics and tissue hypoperfusion. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio). 2023;33:22\u201328. doi:10.1111\/vec.13255"},{"key":"B23","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"40","article-title":"Transesophageal echocardiography and its potential for esophageal damage","volume":"72","author":"Urbanowicz JH","year":"1990","unstructured":"Urbanowicz JH, Kernoff RS, Oppenheim G, et al. Transesophageal echocardiography and its potential for esophageal damage. Anesthesiology. 1990;72:40\u201343. doi:10.1097\/00000542-199001000-00008"},{"key":"B24","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"406","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of complications associated with transesophageal echocardiography in dogs with congenital heart disease","volume":"36","author":"Stoner CH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stoner CH, Saunders AB, Heseltine JC, et al. Prospective evaluation of complications associated with transesophageal echocardiography in dogs with congenital heart disease. J Vet Intern Med. 2022;36:406\u2013416. doi:10.1111\/jvim.16356"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/85\/1\/ajvr.23.07.0176.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/85\/1\/ajvr.23.07.0176.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/85\/1\/ajvr.23.07.0176.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T17:29:55Z","timestamp":1727803795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/85\/1\/ajvr.23.07.0176.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.23.07.0176","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]]}}}