{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T23:27:34Z","timestamp":1776382054078,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To describe coagulation profiles in dogs with echocardiographic evidence of pulmonary hypertension (PH), to compare them to coagulation profiles in dogs without echocardiographic evidence of PH, and to determine the relationship between coagulation profiles and echocardiographic probability of PH.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>66 dogs with PH (cases) and 86 dogs without PH (controls).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Retrospective evaluation of records between 2013 and 2021 of dogs that had both an echocardiogram and a coagulation panel performed within 7 days. Dogs that received antithrombotics within 7 days of evaluation and dogs diagnosed with congenital or acquired coagulopathy or other severe systemic disease that could lead to coagulopathy were excluded. Dogs with a low echocardiographic probability of PH were also excluded. The dogs were divided into a PH group and non-PH group based on echocardiographic results. Demographic, clinicopathologic, and traditional coagulation parameters and VCM Vet (Entegrion) parameters were compared between the 2 groups.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Dogs with PH were significantly older (median, 11 years vs 9.5 years, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .02) and had a significantly lower body weight (median, 7.3 kg vs 19.3 kg, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001) than controls. Dogs with PH also had a significantly greater percent increase in prothrombin time (PT; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .02), partial thromboplastin time (PTT; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .0001), and fibrinogen (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .045); however, their antithrombin concentration was lower (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .005) compared to controls. Eight of 65 dogs (12.3%) in the PH group and 1\/86 (1.2%) dogs in the non-PH group had an elevation of PT and\/or PTT greater than 50% above the reference interval (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .005). Dogs with PH had 11.9 times (95% CI, 1.5 to 97.9; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = .02) greater odds of being hypocoagulable than dogs without PH based on PT and PTT.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study demonstrated an association between a moderate to high echocardiographic probability of PH and a hypocoagulable state in dogs as determined by traditional coagulation assays. It underscores the importance of monitoring the coagulation status in canine patients with PH, particularly before initiating antithrombotic medications.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.23.11.0252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T13:53:31Z","timestamp":1707400411000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pulmonary hypertension is associated with hypocoagulability in dogs: a retrospective analysis of 66 cases (2013\u20132021)"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Sahee","family":"Min","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonya R.","family":"Wesselowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary B.","family":"Nabity","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Yankin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences and Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"B1","series-title":"J Vet Inter Med","first-page":"549","article-title":"ACVIM consensus statement guidelines for the diagnosis, classification, treatment, and monitoring of pulmonary hypertension in dogs","volume":"34","author":"Reinero C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reinero C, Visser LC, Kellihan HB, et al. ACVIM consensus statement guidelines for the diagnosis, classification, treatment, and monitoring of pulmonary hypertension in dogs. J Vet Inter Med. 2020;34(2):549\u2013573. doi:10.1111\/jvim.15725"},{"issue":"10","key":"B2","series-title":"Diagnostic (Basel)","first-page":"758","article-title":"Coagulation profiles of pulmonary arterial hypertension patients, assessed by non-conventional hemostatic tests and markers of platelet activation and endothelial dysfunction","volume":"10","author":"Vrigkou E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vrigkou E, Tsantes AE, Kopterides P, et al. Coagulation profiles of pulmonary arterial hypertension patients, assessed by non-conventional hemostatic tests and markers of platelet activation and endothelial dysfunction. Diagnostic (Basel). 2020;10(10):758. doi:10.3390\/diagnostics10100758"},{"issue":"1","key":"B3","series-title":"Eur Heart J","first-page":"67","article-title":"2015 ESC\/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT)","volume":"37","author":"Gali\u00e8 N","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gali\u00e8 N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, et al. 2015 ESC\/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J. 2016;37(1):67\u2013119. doi:10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv317"},{"issue":"4","key":"B4","series-title":"Lancet Respir Med","first-page":"306","article-title":"A global view of pulmonary hypertension","volume":"4","author":"Hoeper MM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hoeper MM, Humbert M, Souza R, et al. A global view of pulmonary hypertension. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4(4):306\u2013322. doi:10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00543-3"},{"issue":"3","key":"B5","series-title":"Hamostaseologie","first-page":"348","article-title":"Use of anticoagulants in patients with pulmonary hypertension","volume":"40","author":"Bertoletti L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bertoletti L, Mismetti V, Giannakoulas G. Use of anticoagulants in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Hamostaseologie. 2020;40(3):348\u2013355. doi:10.1055\/a-1171-3995"},{"issue":"1","key":"B6","series-title":"Glob Cardio Sci Pract","first-page":"e202001","article-title":"Inflammation, immunity, and vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension; evidence for complement involvement?","volume":"2020","author":"Frid MG","year":"2020","unstructured":"Frid MG, Thurman JM, Hansen KC, Maron BA, Stenmark KR. Inflammation, immunity, and vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension; evidence for complement involvement? Glob Cardio Sci Pract. 2020;2020(1):e202001. doi:10.21542\/gcsp.2020.1"},{"issue":"6","key":"B7","series-title":"Eur Respir J","first-page":"1446","article-title":"Plasma coagulation profiles in patients with severe primary pulmonary hypertension","volume":"12","author":"Hoeper MM","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hoeper MM, Sosada M, Fabel H. Plasma coagulation profiles in patients with severe primary pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 1998;12(6):1446\u20131449. doi:10.1183\/09031936.98.12061446"},{"issue":"2","key":"B8","series-title":"Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis","first-page":"107","article-title":"Altered hemostasis in pulmonary hypertension","volume":"9","author":"Hassell KL","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hassell KL. Altered hemostasis in pulmonary hypertension. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 1998;9(2):107\u2013117. doi:10.1097\/00001721-199803000-00001"},{"issue":"1","key":"B9","series-title":"Cardiovasc Res","first-page":"159","article-title":"A role for coagulation factor Xa in experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"92","author":"Delbeck M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Delbeck M, Nickel KF, Perzborn E, et al. A role for coagulation factor Xa in experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension. Cardiovasc Res. 2011;92(1):159\u2013168. doi:10.1093\/cvr\/cvr168"},{"issue":"4","key":"B10","series-title":"Clin Appl Thromb Hemost","first-page":"353","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction associated with chronic intravascular coagulation in secondary pulmonary hypertension","volume":"8","author":"Lopes AA","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lopes AA, Caramur\u00fa LH, Maeda NY. Endothelial dysfunction associated with chronic intravascular coagulation in secondary pulmonary hypertension. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2002;8(4):353\u2013358. doi:10.1177\/107602960200800407"},{"issue":"3","key":"B11","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"710","article-title":"Coagulation and fibrinolytic profiles in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension","volume":"110","author":"Welsh CH","year":"1996","unstructured":"Welsh CH, Hassell KL, Badesch DB, Kressin DC, Marlar RA. Coagulation and fibrinolytic profiles in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension. Chest. 1996;110(3):710\u2013717. doi:10.1378\/chest.110.3.710"},{"key":"B12","author":"Duler L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Duler L, Visser L, Nguyen N, Johnson L, Stern J, Li R. Evaluation of platelet activation, platelet-leukocyte interaction, and hemostasis in dogs with pulmonary hypertension. Abstract presented at: American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum; June 24, 2020; Austin, TX."},{"issue":"2","key":"B13","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","first-page":"217","article-title":"Comparison of a viscoelastic point-of-care coagulation monitor with thromboelastography in sick dogs with hemostatic abnormalities","volume":"52","author":"Buriko Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Buriko Y, Chalifoux NV, Clarkin-Breslin R, Silverstein DC. Comparison of a viscoelastic point-of-care coagulation monitor with thromboelastography in sick dogs with hemostatic abnormalities. Vet Clin Pathol. 2023;52(2):217\u2013227. doi:10.1111\/vcp.13198"},{"issue":"3","key":"B14","series-title":"Chest Med","first-page":"595","article-title":"Hypercoagulability in pulmonary hypertension","volume":"39","author":"Bazan IS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bazan IS, Fares WH. Hypercoagulability in pulmonary hypertension. Chest Med. 2018;39(3):595\u2013603. doi:10.1016\/j.ccm.2018.04.005"},{"issue":"6","key":"B15","series-title":"Thromb Haemost","first-page":"958","article-title":"A cell-based model of hemostasis","volume":"85","author":"Hoffman M","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hoffman M, Monroe DM 3rd. A cell-based model of hemostasis. Thromb Haemost. 2001;85(6):958\u2013965. doi:10.1055\/s-0037-1615947"},{"issue":"3","key":"B16","series-title":"Clin Lab Med","first-page":"453","article-title":"Clinical use of the activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time for screening: a review of the literature and current guidelines for testing","volume":"34","author":"Levy JH","year":"2014","unstructured":"Levy JH, Szlam F, Wolberg AS, Winkler A. Clinical use of the activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time for screening: a review of the literature and current guidelines for testing. Clin Lab Med. 2014;34(3):453\u2013477. doi:10.1016\/j.cll.2014.06.005"},{"issue":"3","key":"B17","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"398","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of shortened prothrombin time or activated partial thromboplastin time for the diagnosis of hypercoagulability in dogs: 25 cases (2006-2011)","volume":"26","author":"Song J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Song J, Drobatz KJ, Silverstein DC. Retrospective evaluation of shortened prothrombin time or activated partial thromboplastin time for the diagnosis of hypercoagulability in dogs: 25 cases (2006-2011). J Vet Emerg Crit Care. 2016;26(3):398\u2013405. doi:10.1111\/vec.12478"},{"key":"B18","series-title":"Semin Thromb Hemost","first-page":"32","article-title":"A cell-based model of thrombin generation","volume":"32","author":"Roberts HR","year":"2006","unstructured":"Roberts HR, Hoffman M, Monroe DM. A cell-based model of thrombin generation. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2006:32(suppl 1):32\u201332. doi:10.1055\/s-2006-939552"},{"issue":"3","key":"B19","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD007871","article-title":"Thrombelastography (TEG) or thromboelastometry (ROTEM) to monitor haemotherapy versus usual care in patients with massive transfusion","volume":"16","author":"Afshari A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Afshari A, Wikkels\u00f8 A, Brok J, M\u00f8ller AM, Wetterslev J. Thrombelastography (TEG) or thromboelastometry (ROTEM) to monitor haemotherapy versus usual care in patients with massive transfusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;16:(3):CD007871. doi:10.1002\/14651858.CD007871.pub2"},{"issue":"2","key":"B20","series-title":"Adv Med Sci","first-page":"312","article-title":"The role of platelets in the development and progression of pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"63","author":"Kazimierczyk R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kazimierczyk R, Kami\u0144ski K. The role of platelets in the development and progression of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Adv Med Sci. 2018;63(2):312\u2013316. doi:10.1016\/j.advms.2018.04.013"},{"issue":"1","key":"B21","series-title":"Biomedicines","first-page":"57","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension: cause or consequence?","volume":"9","author":"Kurakula K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kurakula K, Smolders VFED, Tura-Ceide O, Jukema JW, Quax PH, Goumans MJ. Endothelial dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension: cause or consequence? Biomedicines. 2021;9(1):57. doi:10.3390\/biomedicines9010057"},{"key":"B22","author":"Cullivan S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cullivan S, McCullagh B, Kevane B, Maguire P, \u00c1inle FN, Gaine S. Calibrated automated thrombography demonstrates a hypocoagulable profile in subjects with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Poster presented at: Irish Thoracic Society Annual Scientific Meeting; December 1\u20133, 2022; Naas, Ireland."},{"issue":"5","key":"B23","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Care","first-page":"611","article-title":"Plasma iron, C-reactive protein, albumin, and plasma fibrinogen concentrations in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Torrente C","year":"2015","unstructured":"Torrente C, Manzanilla EG, Bosch L, et al. Plasma iron, C-reactive protein, albumin, and plasma fibrinogen concentrations in dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. J Vet Emerg Crit Care.2015;25(5):611\u2013619. doi:10.1111\/vec.12340"},{"key":"B24","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"4808","article-title":"Fibrinogen plasma concentration is an independent marker of haemodynamic impairment in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension","volume":"4","author":"Hennigs JK","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hennigs JK, Baumann HJ, L\u00fcneburg N, et al. Fibrinogen plasma concentration is an independent marker of haemodynamic impairment in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4808. doi:10.1038\/srep04808"},{"issue":"2","key":"B25","series-title":"Vet Clin Pathol","first-page":"85","article-title":"Acute phase proteins in dogs and cats: current knowledge and future perspectives","volume":"34","author":"Ceron JJ","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ceron JJ, Eckersall PD, Mart\u00fdnez-Subiela S. Acute phase proteins in dogs and cats: current knowledge and future perspectives. Vet Clin Pathol. 2005;34(2):85\u201399. doi:10.1111\/j.1939-165x.2005.tb00019.x"},{"key":"B26","first-page":"H21","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Collection, Transport, and Processing of Blood Specimens for Testing Plasma-Based Coagulation Assays and Molecular Hemostasis Assays; Approved Guideline\u2014Fifth Edition. Vol 28. No. 5. CLSI; 2008:H21\u201345."},{"issue":"5","key":"B27","series-title":"JACC Asia","first-page":"538","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension definition, classification, and epidemiology in Asia","volume":"2","author":"Anderson JJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Anderson JJ, Lau EM. Pulmonary hypertension definition, classification, and epidemiology in Asia. JACC Asia. 2022;2(5):538\u2013546. doi:10.1016\/j.jacasi.2022.04.008"},{"issue":"23","key":"B28","series-title":"Int J Mol Sci","first-page":"5884","article-title":"The biological bases of group 2 pulmonary hypertension","volume":"20","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez AI","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez AI, Yotti R, Gonz\u00e1lez-Mansilla A, et al. The biological bases of group 2 pulmonary hypertension. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(23):5884. doi:10.3390\/ijms20235884"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Veterinary Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/85\/4\/ajvr.23.11.0252.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/85\/4\/ajvr.23.11.0252.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/ajvr\/85\/4\/ajvr.23.11.0252.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T17:28:41Z","timestamp":1727803721000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/avmajournals.avma.org\/view\/journals\/ajvr\/85\/4\/ajvr.23.11.0252.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/ajvr.23.11.0252","relation":{},"ISSN":["0002-9645","1943-5681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0002-9645","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-5681","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]}}}