{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:43:34Z","timestamp":1791593014148,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ajvr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a1\">\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Polyacrylamide hydrogel (4% PAHG) is an inert viscoelastic supplement used to manage osteoarthritis in horses. Even with a prolonged clinical effect, horses may be administered multiple doses during their performance career. The effect of the serial 4% PAHG treatments is not known. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the clinical, histologic, and synovial fluid biomarker effects following serial administration of 4% PAHG in normal equine fetlock joints.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a2\">\n<jats:title>ANIMALS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>8 healthy horses.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a3\">\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In a blinded, controlled in vivo study, horses received serial intra-articular injections of 4% PAHG (Noltrex Vet; Nucleus ProVets LLC) and contralateral 0.9% saline control on days 0, 45, 90, and 135. Treatment and control joints were randomly assigned. Synovial fluid was collected before administration of 4% PAHG or 0.9% saline on day 0 and at study completion for cellular and biomarker evaluation. Serial physical and lameness examinations were performed throughout the study. On day 240, gross examination and harvest of cartilage and synovial membrane for histology were completed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a4\">\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>There were no histologic changes in articular cartilage or synovial fluid biomarkers. The 4% PAHG was seen on the surface of the synovium in 5 of 8 treated joints 105 days after the last treatment. There are minimal effects following serial injections of 4% PAHG on normal joints in horses following administration at 0, 45, 90, and 135 days, with final evaluation on day 240.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sc_a5\">\n<jats:title>CLINICAL RELEVANCE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Serial administration of intra-articular 4% PAHG in horses may provide long-term joint lubrication with no detrimental effects.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.24.01.0016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T12:29:47Z","timestamp":1711024187000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Serial injections of 4% polyacrylamide hydrogel have no detrimental effects in equine joints following clinical, histologic, and synovial biomarker evaluation"],"prefix":"10.2460","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Scott R.","family":"McClure","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Midwest Equine Surgery and Sports Medicine, Boone, IA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maggie D.","family":"Peitzmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pioneer Equine, Oakdale, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley R.","family":"Jackman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pioneer Equine, Oakdale, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney L.","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equitec Consulting Ltd, Beiseker, AB, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charan K.","family":"Ganta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Medicine\/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1272","reference":[{"key":"B1","series-title":"Eur J Muscl Dis","first-page":"23","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of injectable endoprosthetics of synovial fluid by cross-linked polymer Noltrex for treatment OA knee","volume":"1","author":"Zar V","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zar V, Zagorodniy N, Martinov D. Effectiveness and safety of injectable endoprosthetics of synovial fluid by cross-linked polymer Noltrex for treatment OA knee. Eur J Muscl Dis. 2012;1:23\u201332."},{"key":"B2","series-title":"Almanac Clin Med","first-page":"18","article-title":"Functional assessment of results of the intra-articular injection of polyacrylamide gel Noltrex in gonarthrosis treatment","volume":"27","author":"Zar VV","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zar VV, Voloshin VP, Martynov MD. Functional assessment of results of the intra-articular injection of polyacrylamide gel Noltrex in gonarthrosis treatment. Almanac Clin Med. 2012;27:18\u201324."},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Zemskiy Vrach","first-page":"49","article-title":"New biopolymer medical device named Noltrex in combined treatment of gonathrosis","volume":"6","author":"Zargorodny NV","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zargorodny NV, Karpovich NI, Abdulkhabirov MA, et al. New biopolymer medical device named Noltrex in combined treatment of gonathrosis. 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